Understanding the sources and composition of the incremental excess of fine particles across multiple sampling locations in one air shed

Well-designed health studies and the development of effective regulatory policies need to rely on an understanding of the incremental differences in particulate matter concentrations and their sources. Although only a limited number of studies have been conducted to examine spatial differences in sources to particulate matter within an air shed, routine monitoring data can be used to better understand these differences. Measurements from the US EPA Chemical Speciation Network （CSN） collected between 2002-2008 were analyzed to demonstrate the utility of regulatory data across three sites located within 100 km of each other. Trends in concentrations, source contribution, and incremental excesses across three sites were investigated using the Positive Matrix Factorization model. Similar yearly trends in chemical composition were observed across all sites, however, excesses of organic matter and elemental carbon were observed in the urban center that originated from local emissions of mobile sources and biomass buming. Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate constituted over half of the PM2.5 with no spatial differences observed across sites. For these components, the excess of emissions from industrial sources could be directly quantified. This study demonstrates that CSN data from multiple sites can be successfully used to derive consistent source profiles and source contributions for regional pollution, and that CSN data can be used to quantify incremental differences in source contributions of across these sites. The analysis strategy can be used in other regions of the world to take advantage of existing ambient particulate matter monitoring data to better the understanding of spatial differences in source contributions within a given air shed.     

Characterization of a salt-tolerant bacterium Bacillus sp. from a membrane bioreactor for saline wastewater treatment

High salt concentrations can cause plasmolysis and loss of activity of cells, but the salt-torlerant bacterium can endure the high salt concentrations in wastewater. In this research 7 salt-torlerant bacteria, which could survive in dry powder products and could degrade organic contaminants in saline wastewater, were isolated from a membrane bioreactor. The strain NY6 which showed the fastest growth rate, best property for organic matter degradation and could survive in dry powder more than 3 months was selected and characterized. It was classified as Bacillus aerius based on the analysis of the morphological and physiological properties as well as the 16 S rRNA sequence and Neigh borjoining tree. The strain NY6 could survive in the salinity up to 6% and the optimal growth salinity is2%; it belongs to a slightly halophilic bacterium. The capability of its dry powder products for COD removal was 800 mg COD/(g·day) in synthesized saline wastewater with salinity of 2%. According to salt-tolerant mechanism research, when the salinity was below 2%, the stain NY6 absorbed K+and Na+to maintain osmotic equilibrium, and when the salinity was above 2%, the NY6 kept its life by producing a large amount of spores.     

Anoxic gas recirculation system for fouling control in anoxic membrane reactor

Anoxic gas recirculation system was applied to control the membrane fouling in pilot-scale 4-stage anoxic membrane bioreactor(MBR). In the anaerobic-anoxic-anoxic-aerobic flow scheme,hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) membrane(0.2 μm, 7.2 m2/module) was submerged in the second anoxic zone. During 8 months operation, the average flux of the membrane was 21.3L/(m2·hr). Chemical cleaning of the membrane was conducted only once with sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration in the second anoxic zone was maintained with an average of 0.19 ± 0.05 mg/L. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the headspace gas in the second anoxic reactor was mainly consisted of N2(93.0% ± 2.5%), O2(3.8% ± 0.6%), and CO2(3.0% ± 0.5%), where the saturation DO concentration in liquid phase was 1.57 mg/L. Atmospheric O2 content(20.5% ± 0.8%) was significantly reduced in the anoxic gas. The average pH in the reactor was 7.2 ± 0.4. As a result, the recirculation of the anoxic gas was successfully applied to control the membrane fouling in the anoxic MBR.     

ABR-MBR一体化工艺节能降耗措施优化研究

能耗高和膜污染是限制膜生物反应器(MBR)广泛应用的重要因素.为降低工艺运行能耗和延缓膜污染,以厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-MBR工艺处理生活污水为例,对工艺结构和脱氮除磷运行条件进行优化.结果表明,通过优化ABR-MBR工艺结构,可降低43%的运行能耗,同时可保持较高的COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP去除效果,平均去除率分别为91%、85%、76%和86%.另外,添加颗粒填料可有效延缓膜污染,不过也改变了膜污染的形成过程,膜内部污染物含量显著增多,碳水化合物含量增加,而蛋白质含量减少,碳水化合物/蛋白质比明显增大.最终,增强了MBR反应器的实际应用性能.     

膜生物反应器中膜过滤特征及膜污染机理的研究

以膜生物反应器处理市政污水,通过对活性污泥进行终端过滤来反映膜污染机理,实验表明,最初很短时间内膜污染受膜孔堵塞模型控制,之后受沉积层阻力模型控制,后一阶段是膜污染的主要控制阶段;膜的相对通量随过滤时间呈指数衰减趋势,压力越大,通量衰减越快;污泥沉积层存在压密过程,这一过程中的污泥比阻随压力增大而增大,并得到处理市政污水的污泥压密指数为0.807 8;阻力分布实验表明沉积层阻力占总阻力的90%以上,是膜过滤污染阻力的主要组成部分;活性污泥各组分对膜污染均有贡献,其中悬浮固体、胶体颗粒和溶质产生的阻力分别占87.98%、6.20%和5.82%;根据实验和计算结果,探讨了MBR处理市政污水过程中可能的膜污染机理.     

由"规定时间"到"任选时间"——巴陵石化环氧树脂事业部应急响应预案演练纪实

一个星期天的上午,巴陵石化公司环氧树脂事业部进行了一场特殊的演练--应急响应预案演练.这是该事业部增强事故预案演练的针对性,将事故演练由"规定时间"转向"任选时间"采取的系列举措之一. 上午8时30分,该事业部针对设想的离子膜车间氯干燥岗位、盐水车间液氯冷冻岗位"氯气泄漏"的突发情况,紧急启动事业部级防氯气泄漏事故预案.成立以事业部值班领导为指挥长的应急指挥部,立即通知事业部领导、相关职能管理和车间人员、抢险应急分队,所有临时通知人员在规定时间内赶到"事故"现场,按照各自职责有条不紊进行应急处理.     

基于CFD的超薄平板膜MBR流态模拟及优化分析

随着MBR的广泛应用,为控制膜污染导致高运行成本问题,优化新型平板膜MBR的曝气条件成为目前的一个研究热点.本研究通过使用CFD Fluent软件,结合多相流模型和湍流模型进行超薄平板膜MBR的高质量流态模拟,量化膜面剪切力,并从流场及膜污染角度分别对3种气水比(10∶1、15∶1和20∶1)工况下的MBR进行了优化分...     

辐条状多层通道反渗透膜(RCDT)污染控制分析

膜污染及其防治是影响膜系统稳定运行的关键因素。RCDT作为新的垃圾渗滤液处理技术的有效手段,文中详细的介绍了膜材料、膜组件、膜系统以及膜工艺对膜污染的影响,并结合实际的项目运行情况,提出了控制膜污染的方法和措施。     

乌鲁木齐河水中有机悬浮物的分析

本文对乌鲁木齐河中、上游河段悬浮物中的有机物进行了分析，结果表明：冰川站、英雄桥和青年渠道采样点有机物种类达４０余种，总含量分别为１．０，１．１４和１．２ｍｇ．１＾－１，其中Ｃ２９烷烃相对含分别为７．９４％，１５．４９％和１８．４９％，邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯相对含量分别为３０．２８％，２２．２８％和３３．７５％，乌鲁木齐河中、上游河段受到程度不同的酞酸二酯的污染。     

MBR膜在线路板废水深度处理中的应用

目前国内大部分线路板生产废水的处理办法是采取物化处理,废水COD不能实现稳定达标,本文主要探讨MBR膜在线路板废水深度处理中的应用,探讨工艺特征以及效果,证明MBR膜在线路板废水深度处理中具有非常好的效果。