海拨高度对柴油机起动污染物排放的影响

以某大功率低压缩比柴油机为研究对象,进行了0,1000,2000,3000,3750,4500m 6个海拨高度的起动排放试验,研究了该柴油机不同海拨高度下起动过程中的HC,CO,NO_x和颗粒物排放特性.结果表明：海拨升高,柴油机起动过程的HC,CO和颗粒物排放增加,NO_x排放降低;与平原（0m海拨）比较,该柴油机高原（4500m海拨）冷起动排放的HC,CO和颗粒物分别增加7.1,2.6和2.1倍,NO_x降低53.8%;0~4500m海拨,该柴油机起动过程排放的颗粒物中聚集态颗粒物质量占94%~99%,颗粒物数量呈单峰对数分布,峰值粒径随着海拨的升高向大粒径方向移动,几何平均粒径增大.     

柴油烃族组分对柴油机排放的影响

柴油烃族组分可影响柴油的理化特性,从而影响柴油机的燃烧过程,进而对排放产生重要影响.本研究针对烃族组分含量不同的14种柴油,开展了排放特性的试验研究,基于试验结果采用主成分分析法及回归分析法揭示影响柴油机排放性能的关键组分及作用规律,并得到了柴油机排放与关键组分的经验公式,可在一定程度上预测排放特性.分析结果表明,总芳烃是影响柴油机排放的关键组分,当其含量介于5%～17%时,可使NO_x、soot(碳烟)、CO、HC排放均处于较低水平.此外,多环芳烃对柴油机排放有重要影响,其中的苊类、苊烯类对NO_x、碳烟、CO排放的影响作用更为显著,而其他烃族组分与柴油机排放的规律性相对较差.不同工况下,柴油机排放规律有所不同,在低负荷下柴油机排放对总芳烃含量更加敏感.     

船舶柴油机排气状况及污染物治理探讨

本文收集了船用柴油机排放现状以及国内外关于船舶排放标准,并对国内外排放标准进行了对比分析。针对某万吨级货船,在其柴油发动机不同转速下,对柴油机排气进行了测试,结果显示柴油发动机尾气中NOX和PM排放浓度较高。分析了船舶柴油机中SOX、NOX和PM三大污染物的生成机理,并就其控制技术分别进行了研讨。     

控制柴油机废气排放的燃料技术与措施

降低废气排放是对现代柴油机提出的基本要求。本文研究了燃料性质和成份对柴油机废气排放的影响及规律,提出了降低柴油机废气排放的燃料技术与措施。     

低温等离子体治理柴油机尾气污染的研究进展

柴油发动机以其良好的燃油经济性和动力学特性得到广泛应用,但是其尾气排放中的氮氧化物有害气体和难以分解的微粒物含量较多,造成了严重环境污染。目前,研究开发中的柴油机尾气后处理技术,如还原催化转化、氧化催化转化和微粒捕集等,存在催化剂价格昂贵、催化活性低、有效温度范围小和捕集器保持清洁状态困难等不足。国内外大量的研究结果证明,基于气体放电的低温等离子体技术能有效降低柴油机尾气污染物排放,且无二次污染。本文通过低温等离子体的产生,柴油机尾气中的氮氧化物和微粒物的净化,综合介绍了低温等离子体净化柴油机尾气技术的研究进展,针对当前研究中存在的问题,论述了今后的发展趋势。     

重型柴油车实际道路油耗与排放模拟及其应用研究

基于实际行驶状态下重型车动力需求和传动系统变化规律,建立了重型柴油车整车的瞬态油耗和排放模拟方法,可实现整车发动机工况及油耗与排放的实时模拟.为验证模型的有效性,利用重型车车载排放测试手段,以柴油公交车为研究案例,模拟并验证了车辆在实际运营线路上的油耗与排放水平.公交车综合线路实测百公里油耗为16.38L,NOx、CO和THC排放因子分别为4.44、3.35、1.96g·km-1,模拟结果与实测值基本吻合,其油耗与排放因子与实测值之比均在1.06倍左右.模拟结果显示,实测公交车怠速、NOx控制区及其它区域工况点分别占32.6%、7.1%和60.4%,增加10t负载或提高1.5倍车速可使发动机负荷利用率上升,控制区比例上升至18.4%和18.8%,同时增加负载和提高车速,控制区工况可提高至33.9%.相应地,增加负载或提高车速情景分别使车辆油耗与排放上升至1.5～1.7倍和1.6～1.8倍,同时增加负载和提高车速,油耗与排放可增至2.5倍～3.0倍,控制区油耗与排放比例均有大幅度上升.总体上,该模型方法可以为评价和研究重型柴油车在实际道路上的能耗及其排放状况提供新的模拟方法和分析手段.     

Morphological and semi-quantitative characteristics of diesel soot agglomerates emitted from commercial vehicles and a dynamometer

Diesel soot aggregates emitted from a model dynamometer and 11 on-road vehicles were segregated by a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). The elemental contents and morphological parameters of the aggregates were then examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and combined with a fractional Brownian motion (fBm) processor. Two mode-size distributions of aggregates collected from diesel vehicles were confirmed. Mean mass concentration of 339 mg/m3 (dC/dlogdp) existed in the dominant mode (180–320 nm). A relatively high proportion of these aggregates appeared in PM1, accentuating the relevance regarding adverse health e ects. Furthermore, the fBm processor directly parameterized the SEM images of fractal like aggregates and successfully quantified surface texture to extract Hurst coe cients (H) of the aggregates. For aggregates from vehicles equipped with a universal cylinder number, the H value was independent of engine operational conditions. A small H value existed in emitted aggregates from vehicles with a large number of cylinders. This study found that aggregate fractal dimension related to H was in the range of 1.641–1.775, which is in agreement with values reported by previous TEM-based experiments. According to EDS analysis, carbon content ranged in a high level of 30%–50% by weight for diesel soot aggregates. The presence of Na and Mg elements in these sampled aggregates indicated the likelihood that some engine enhancers composed of biofuel or surfactants were commonly used in on-road vehicles in Taiwan. In particular, the morphological H combined with carbon content detection can be useful for characterizing chain-like or cluster diesel soot aggregates in the atmosphere.     

柴油预喷参数对进气预喷甲醇柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台满足国Ⅵ排放的柴油机基础上,采用进气预喷甲醇的方式替代原机的尿素辅助的选择性还原技术（SCR）,探究不同柴油预喷油量和预喷时刻对发动机燃烧、性能和排放的影响.结果表明：在最大扭矩转速1690 r·min^-1和280 N·m （1.25 MPa BMEP）工况下,当甲醇在整个燃料的能量占比（占总燃料能量的63%~65%）和柴油预喷时刻不变时,柴油预喷油量从1.5 mg·cyc^-1（占循环喷油量8%）增加到7.5 mg·cyc^-1（占循环喷油量48%）可以有效改善甲醇混合气的活性,此时达到50%燃料燃烧放热量（CA50）会提前,燃烧速率增大,气缸内燃烧爆压（P_max）和最高压力升高率（R_max）提高,同时有效热效率（Brake Thermal Efficiency,BTE）增加6%,PM、CO和THC比排放分别降低50%、61%和29%.但预喷油量超过6 mg·cyc^-1时,NO_x排放显著增加.相比之下,柴油预喷时刻的变化对发动机燃烧的影响较小.适当提前预喷可以在降低P_max和R_max的同时减少NO_x、CO和PM比排放.因此,采用优化的柴油预喷参数可以获得更高的有效热效率和极低的排放.     

Use of two-surfactants mixtures to attain specific HLB values for assisted TPH-diesel biodegradation

In a surfactant assisted biodegradation process, the choice of surfactant(s) is of crucial importance. The question is: does the type of surfactant(i, e. chemical family) affect the biodegradation process at fixed hidrophillic-lypofillic balance(H/B) values? Microcosm assessments were developed using contaminated soil, with around of 5000 mg/kg of hydrocarbons as TPH-diesel. Mixtures of three nonionic surfactants were employed to get a wide range of specific HLB values. Tween20 and Span20 were mixed in the appropriate proportions to get HLB values between 8.6 and 16.7. Tween/Span60 mixtures reached HLB values between 4.7 and 14.9. Finally,Tween/Span80 combinations yielded HLB values between 4.3 and 1.5. TPH-diesel biodegradation was measured at the beginning, and after 8 weeks, as well as the FCU/grsod, as a measure of microorganisms‘ development during the biodegradation period. A second aim of this work was to assess the use of guar gum as a biodegradation enhancer instead of synthetic products. The conclusions of this work are that surfactant chemical family, and not only the HLB value clearly affects the assisted biodegradation rate. Surfactant‘s synergism was clearly observed. Regarding the use of guar gum, no biodegradation enhancement was observed for the three assessed concentrations,i.e., 2, 20, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, TPH-diesel removal was lower as the gum concentration increased. It is quite possible that guar gum was used as a microbial substrate.