氨对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响及地球化学模拟

垃圾焚烧飞灰可能因为选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝过程中氨泄漏、垃圾携带的渗滤液受热挥发等原因而吸附氨.本研究中采用人为添加氨水,在pH为3.66～12.44范围内,研究氨对飞灰中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和重金属浸出的影响,并利用地球化学模拟软件Visual MINTEQ从金属化学形态分布上分析氨对飞灰浸出的影响机制.结果表明,DOC在pH>9和有高浓度氨(≥1 357 mg·L-1)存在时,其浸出量大幅增加,而在浸出液中氨的水平不高于537 mg·L-1时则受氨的影响很小;在pH<6时,飞灰中各金属主要以自由态的金属离子和金属-氯络离子形态大量溶出,且受氨的影响较小;而在pH为8～12的碱性环境中和氨浓度较高时(≥3 253 mg·L-1),氨与金属生成了可溶性的金属-氨配合物,能显著增加Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出,且在pH=9附近时浸出量达到最大值,但氨对Al和Pb的浸出影响甚微;在pH>12时,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要以羟基金属离子形式存在.在氨浓度为3 253 mg·L-1时,通过利用Visual MINTEQ模拟浸出值与试验数据的对比,发现Al、Pb、Zn的浸出主要由溶解/沉淀模型控制,而Cd、Cu、Ni由溶解/沉淀模型和表面吸附反应模型同时控制,且Visual MINTEQ模型能较好地预测飞灰中Al、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出特性.     

聚磷污泥去除高浓度铅的影响因素研究

利用聚磷活性污泥去除废水中的铅[ρ(Pb2+)=150.0 mg·L-1],研究了反应体系内不同溶解氧状况和初始pH值对污泥除铅的效率和稳定性的影响.结果表明,厌氧条件下,pH 6时,铅的去除率随时间增长呈上升趋势,32 d后铅去除率达99.8%,其中有机物及硫化物结合态铅、残渣态分别占41.8%和52.6%,污泥中铅的稳定性良好.好氧条件下,在相对较短时间内铅的去除率随pH上升而增加,反应2 h时,pH 6、pH 4和pH 2对应的铅的去除率分别为99.9%、96.9%和30.3%;而好氧32 d后pH 6、pH 4和pH 2的污泥中残渣态铅含量分别为3 072.3、4 726.8和2 359.1 mg·kg-1,分别占污泥中总铅的41.8%、65.8%和88.8%.综合考虑除铅率和除铅后污泥稳定性,好氧且pH 4理论上是聚磷污泥除铅的最佳条件.     

Degradation of direct azo dye by Cucurbita pepo free and immobilized peroxidase

Enzymatic decolourization of the azo dye, Direct Yellow (DY106) by Cucurbita pepo (courgette) peroxidase (CP) is a complex process, which is greatly affected by pH, temperature, enzyme activity and the concentrations of H₂O₂ and dye. Courgette peroxidase was extracted and its performance was evaluated by using the free-CP (FCP) and immobilized-CP (ICP) forms in the decolourization of DY106. Immobilization of peroxidase in calcium alginate beads was performed according to a strategy aiming to minimize enzyme leakage and keep its activity at a maximum value by optimizing sodium alginate content, enzyme loading and calcium chloride concentration. The initial conditions at which the highest DY106 decolourization yield was obtained were found at pH 2, temperature 20℃, H₂O₂ dose 1 mmol/L (FCP) and 100 mmol/L (ICP). The highest decolourization rates were obtained for dye concentrations 50 mg/L (FCP) and 80 mg/L (ICP). Under optimal conditions, the FCP was able to decolorize more than 87% of the dye within 2 min. While with ICP, the decolourization yield was 75% within 15 min. The decolourization and removal of DY106 was proved by UV-Vis analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis was also performed on DY106 and enzymatic treatment precipitated byproduct.     

太湖流域典型河流沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

武宜运河位于太湖西部贯穿大部分太湖入湖河流,其重金属污染的研究,对太湖重金属污染来源,流域管理具有重要的意义。因此,2012年8月对武宜运河全程底质调查,分析了沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr等元素,通过地累积指数评价、相关分析、潜在生态风险评价以及相关研究对比分析,得出以下结论:1)Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr污染浓度均值为129.38,207.74,52.13,28.26,77.06 mg/kg,其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr均超过毒性参考值(TRV),Cu超标达800%。Zn、Pb、Cr在世界湖泊沉积物中微量金属的范围(WCTMEL)内,Cu超出144%,Ni略低于WCTMEL;2)Ni-Cr、Zn-Pb具有较好的同源性。且Cu、Zn污染较高,达到"中—强"和"强"污染级别,Pb污染级别其次,Ni、Cr污染级别较低或无污染。可以排除武宜运河携带Ni、Cr污染物进入入湖河网的可能;3)Cu为武宜运河生态风险主要贡献因子。需加强工业园区地段重金属污染控制,减少污染来源,加大武宜运河对连同入湖水系的清水补充。     

天津近岸表层沉积物重金属和放射性核素分布特征

对渤海湾天津海域14个表层沉积物样品进行粒度、重金属和核素放射性活度测量,结果显示,沉积物组成以粉砂为主,其粒径在研究区横纵向上分别呈由南至北、由东至西逐渐变粗的分布特征.重金属元素含量为Cu:25.6~35.1mg/kg、Pb:44.1~67.7mg/kg、Zn:60~73.5mg/kg;210Pb活度为13.2~35.3Bq/kg,137Cs活度为0.05~1.28Bq/kg,重金属含量和放射性活度随粒径减小而增大,总体上呈由北至南逐渐增大的分布特征,在中部和南部分别呈由西北至东南和由西至东逐渐增大的分布特征.这主要是因为细颗粒组分对Cu、Pb、Zn、210Pb和137Cs的吸附作用大于粗颗粒组分,因此,其分布受渤海湾水流及其所导致的粒径变化所影响.     

水泥窑替代燃料中的重金属特性分析

以水泥窑常用的替代燃料——生活垃圾和污泥为研究对象,分别测定了重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni总量,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的形态分布及As、Cr的价态,结果表明:脱水污泥中,8种重金属含量由高到低的顺序为:Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Ni>Hg>As>Cd。三种垃圾筛上物中,8种重金属含量由高到低的依次顺序为:Zn>Cr>Cu>Ni>Pb>As>Hg>Cd。市政污泥中,Cd以酸提取态为主,占总量的45%以上;Pb 94%以残渣态存在;Cu以有机结合态为主,占63.16%;Zn以铁锰氧化态为主,占43.5%。三种垃圾筛上物中,Pb几乎没有酸可提取态和铁锰氧化态的存在,重金属Cd没有残渣态存在。原生垃圾中,重金属Zn酸可提取态占18.52%,而堆肥垃圾筛上物和矿化垃圾筛上物中,重金属Zn酸可提取态为1%以下,铁锰氧化态含量为75%左右。垃圾和污泥中,重金属Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)均未检出。     

Changes in heavy metal contents in animal feeds and manures in an intensive animal production region of China

The 360 feed and manure samples were collected from 150 animal farms in Jiangsu Province, China and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in animal feeds were 15.9-2041.8 and undetected-392.1 mg/kg respectively, while Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in all feeds were below 10 mg/kg. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cr in animal manures were 8.4-1726, 39.5-11379, and 1.0-1602 mg/kg respectively, while As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 〈 10 mg/kg. The concentration of Cu, Zn, As and Cr in animal feed and manure were positively correlated （p 〈 0.001）, but the Cd, Hg, and Pb were not statistically correlated between the feed and the manure. Concentrations of Cu and Zn were highest in pig feed and manure, followed by poultry and dairy feeds and manures. During 1990- 2008, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Cd contents increased by 771%, 410%, 420%, 220%, and 63% in pig manure, 212%, 95%, 200%, 791%, and -63% in dairy manure, and 181%, 197%, 1500%, 261, and 196% in poultry manure. Most of the increases occurred from 2002 to 2008, which reflects the extensive use of feed additives after 2002. In contrast, Pb and Hg in manures continuously decreased from 1990 to 2008. The results suggest that the heavy metal contents in animal manure have been greatly increased over 18 years and the contribution of manures to soil should be considered.     

重金属絮凝剂PEX对水中铅的去除性能研究

在合成高分子重金属絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠(PEX)的基础上,研究了该絮凝剂处理含铅离子废水的效能,并对一些影响因素进行了考查。研究结果表明:高分子重金属絮凝剂PEX对铅离子的捕集效率较高,去除率可达90%以上;pH值对PEX去除铅离子有一定的影响,pH=5.0时去除效果最好;Mg2+﹑Ca2+、EDTA、柠檬酸、焦磷酸钠以及致浊物质的存在均能促进铅离子的去除;絮体残渣稳定性好,金属离子易回收,回收率可达到70.0%。     

地方传真

内蒙古提升涉重金属行业准入门槛 内蒙古自治区近日印发的《内蒙古自治区重金属污染综合防治“十二五”规划》提出,“十二五”期间,内蒙古重点防控区主要重金属污染物排放量比2007年降低15％,非重点防控区主要重金属污染物排放总量不超过2007年水平。     

北京道路尘土与土壤植物中重金属形态分析与评价

以北京市航天桥道路尘土、附近道路土壤及绿化植物(大叶黄杨)叶片,玉渊潭公园土壤及绿化植物(大叶黄杨)叶片为研究对象,采用改进的BCR连续提取法、HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4湿法消解和ICP-MS对Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb 7种重金属进行形态分析和含量测定。结果表明,样品中重金属Zn的总量最高,Cd的总量最低,细颗粒样品中的重金属含量除Cr和Cu均高于粗颗粒样品。7种重金属中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd均以残渣态为主,Pb以可还原态和残渣态为主。样品的重金属总量相关性分析表明不同样品的重金属可能均来自交通污染源,总量与形态相关性分析表明总量与残渣态呈显著正相关性。内梅罗污染指数及风险评价法(RAC)结果均表明,道路尘土的重金属污染最为严重。植物对重金属Cd的富集效应最大(富集系数达0.962),路边植物对重金属的富集效应基本均大于公园植物。