会仙岩溶湿地丰平枯时期地下水金属元素污染与健康风险

以我国面积最大的亚热带低海拔岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区不同时期(丰水期、平水期和枯水期)地下水27 组样品中10种金属元素(Cd、Cr、As、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg和Fe)进行测试和分析,分别运用综合污染评价法、多元统计分析及健康风险评价模型揭示了丰平枯时期地下水中10 种金属元素的污染特征、分布状况和健康风...     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水体、沉积物及土壤中全氟化合物

建立了水、沉积物及土壤中13种全氟化合物(PFCs)的富集、净化、浓缩的前处理方法及快速液相色谱三重四级杆串联质谱的分析方法。9种全氟羧酸、2种典型全氟磺酸、2种磺酰铵衍生前体物的响应因子与质量浓度的线性关系良好。添加回收实验表明,13种全氟化合物在水、土壤和沉积物中的回收率为52.3%~119.3%,变异系数为2.3%~19.4%,方法检出限分别为0.015~0.472 ng/L、0.012~0.875 ng/g、0.004~0.743 ng/g。该法成功应用于实际样品的测定,沉积物和土壤中分别检测到3种和10种全氟化合物。     

典型工业园污染源羰基化合物排放特征研究

选取中国华东地区某工业园新区典型行业企业进行现场采样,利用PFPH衍生化-GC/MS联用技术进行羰基化合物(CBCs)的组成特征和含量水平检测,研究其排放特征。结果表明,在该工业园新区内共检出22种CBCs,各化合物的质量浓度为0.008~239.4μg/m~3,各企业CBCs总质量浓度均值为(437.62±64.45)μg/m~3,工业污染源排放贡献率由高至低顺序依次为涂料制造橡胶制造医药制造化学品制造金属制造电子元件制造。根据各物质化学反应活性及大气化学寿命,获得该工业园新区典型的CBCs分子标志物为甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、丙醛、2-丁酮、丁醛、己醛、环己酮和苯甲醛,它们占总CBCs含量的80.01%,其中乙醛含量最高,质量浓度均值高达(95.42±71.48)μg/m3。最后,建立了6种典型工业污染源CBCs成分谱。     

乌梁素海流域地表水中全氟化合物分布、来源及其生态风险

全氟化合物(polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)在长期生产和使用过程中会通过多介质扩散和远距离迁移等方式进入环境中.本研究分析了乌梁素海流域丰水期及枯水期采集的地表水样品中17种PFASs,探讨了该地区PFASs 的时空分布特征、潜在来源及生态风险.结果表明,PFASs在所有地表水样品中均...     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

Occurrence, polarity and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in the Huangpu River, China

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystem. To investigate the characteristics of DOM in Huangpu River {the last tributary of the Yangtze River）, surface water samples were collected along the river from December 2011 to June, 2013. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, the absorbance and fluorescence spectrum of DOM in water samples were measured. Fluorescent DOM in the Huangpu River was decomposed into four components by the parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC）, including one humic-like substance and three protein-like substances. It showed that high spatial variability of DOC concentration was observed in the upstream water compared to the downstream water, and so did the absorbance coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and the total fluorescence intensities of different PARAFAC components of DOM. Furthermore, there was a large difference between the polarity and bioavailability of DOM in the Huangpu River. Polar compounds dominated tyrosine-like component of fluorescent DOM in all seasons. Tryptophan-like and humic-like substances had more polar fraction in summer and autumn than those in winter, while aromatic protein-like materials had the highest polar fraction in winter. Almost all of fluorescent DOM components were refractory in spring, while less than 20% of fluorescent DOM in average were biodegradable within 4 weeks in other seasons. We concluded that the spatial variation in the abundance of DOM in the Huangpu River is mainly affected by the water discharges from the Hangjiahu Plain and the seasonal difference in polarity and bioavailability of DOM is largely determined by its origins.     

原油加工中硫铁化合物氧化自燃研究的文献计量学分析

为客观掌握原油加工中硫腐蚀产物(主要指硫铁化合物)氧化自燃的研究进展,对中国知网(CNKI)和Web Of ScienceTM(WOS)核心合集数据库中2006—2016年间国内外硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃的相关研究文献进行高级检索,利用文献计量学方法对国内该领域相关研究文献的发表年度、学科分布、作者分布、研究机构、基金项目资助等方面进行统计与分析,并采用CitespaceIII软件对硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃相关研究文献的关键词进行分析。结果表明:2006—2016年间国内该领域相关研究文献的发表数量总体呈上升态势;该领域呈现多学科相互交叉的发展趋势,其中石油、天然气工业是发文量最多的学科;文献作者蒋军城、赵声萍、赵彬林、张振华、李萍在该领域的研究成果较多;辽宁石油化工大学、南京工业大学、东北大学是该领域研究比较活跃的机构;该领域研究的基金项目资助主要来自国家自然科学基金;该领域的研究热点主要围绕"硫化亚铁"、"硫铁化合物"、"自燃性"、"硫化氢"、"活化能"、"化学清洗"等关键词展开;指出该领域国际上文献发表数量较少的可能原因。最后评述了硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃研究现状和存在的主要问题,并对未来研究趋势进行了展望。     

无水氢氟酸生产过程的危险有害因素分析

无水氢氟酸是一种具有极强腐蚀性的酸.它的物理特性是液态温度范围宽,电导率高,极性大,沸点、凝固点、粘度及表面张力低,化学特性是碳氟链牢固且具有活泼的化学活性,几乎能与所有各种有机的或无机的化合物结合.氟化工作为我国目前新兴的精细化工行业,无水氢氟酸可广泛应用于工业、民用及国防军工工业.如广泛应用的氟塑料,氟橡胶、氟制冷剂、含氟涂料、含氟表面活性剂以及含氟医药制品等.     

金属中毒的口腔异感

人们在日常生活和工作中,几乎每天都要与各种金属接触。金属与人体长期接触后,有时会发生金属中毒。由于金属种类很多,不同金属与人体接触后又会出现种类繁多的症状和体征。而口腔中的异常感觉,常常是金属中毒的重要的、早期的表现之一,掌握相关知识,有助于早期判断,可预先知道是否出现金属中毒或为何类金属中毒,从而及早采取正确的应对干预措施。     

大气中羰基化合物GC/MS分析方法

介绍了一种灵敏度高、可靠并且能同时检测大气中20种羰基化合物(C1～C10)的分析方法.该方法是采用涂布PFPH(衍生剂)的Tenax TA作为固体吸附剂采集大气样品,然后再经过溶剂洗脱和气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分离检测的一项分析技术.校正曲线的可决系数(R2)、检测限(LOD)、平行样标准偏差(RSD,n=6)、回收率分别为0.995～1.00,0.15～1.04ng·m-3,7.3%～15.8%和92.7%～109.2%.该方法成功地应用到对大气中羰基化合物的定量检测.对羰基化合物浓度的日变化分析表明,上海大气中羰基化合物浓度变化与大气光化学反应的强弱有密切关系.