生态保护区域饮用水源地水质金属健康风险评价

选择重庆市生态保护发展区域饮用水源地为研究对象,运用健康风险评价模型对其水质金属进行评价。结果表明:7个饮用水源地中27种金属元素均达到USEPA、WHO和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)限值要求。饮用水源地中致癌健康风险从高到低依次为CrAsCd,均低于USEPA最大可接受风险。非致癌金属的健康风险从高到低依次为SrPbMoFeCuSeAgNiZnMn,非致癌风险水平为9.36×10~(-11)a~(-1)~1.25×10~(-7)a~(-1),远低于USEPA、ICRP等权威机构限值。成人致癌和非致癌健康风险水平均为女男,致癌总风险均大于非致癌总风险2个数量级以上,总健康风险均保持在10-5数量级水平。     

城市水环境PFAAs前驱体污染特征及健康风险

为揭示城市水环境中前驱体对全氟烷基酸（PFAAs）输入特征、分布格局及健康风险的影响,对南京城市污水处理厂出水、河流、湖泊、长江饮用水源地等水体进行了考察.利用HPLC-MS/MS及总可氧化前驱体法（TOP Assay）分析了17种PFAAs与其总可氧化前驱体的污染特征,并通过推演耐受剂量评估了饮水途径的健康风险商（HQ）.结果表明,污水处理厂出水中PFAAs浓度90.6～278ng/L,主要单体PFBS、PFHxA、PFOA占总浓度的63%;总可氧化前驱体浓度239～839pmol/L,PFBA前驱体含量最高.城市地表水中PFAAs浓度61.8～157ng/L,总可氧化前驱体浓度195～572pmol/L,PFBA、PFPe A、PFHxA3种全氟羧酸的前驱体含量最高,城市河流流经人口密集区后,PFAAs赋存浓度有所上升,但总可氧化前驱体浓度下降.饮用水源地中PFAAs浓度50.9～54.6ng/L,总可氧化前驱体浓度273～372pmol/L,以PFBA、PFPe A和PFHx A3种全氟羧酸的前驱体为主.相对高风险来源于PFOS的免疫毒性（HQ=0.024）以及PFOA的发育毒性...     

转小鼠金属硫蛋白-I基因聚球藻7002对重金属耐受性的研究

研究了野生和转小鼠金属硫蛋白-I(mMT-I)基因聚球藻7002对Pb、Hg、Cd、Mg、Ni、Cu、Co、Zn和As 9种重金属元素的耐受性,以及重金属对藻细胞生长的半抑制浓度(IC50),并与相关文献进行了比较,旨在为转基因藻的工业应用提供依据.结果表明:转mMT-I基因聚球藻7002每单位OD750最高可耐受4～5 mmol/L的Pb2 、0.4～0.6 mmol/L的Cd2 和0.8～1.2mmol/L的Hg2 ,耐受性系数分别为1712.4～2140.5、92.9～139.4、331.6～497.3 mg/g;相比野生聚球藻7002,它对Pb2 、Cd2 的耐受性提高了4～5倍,对Hg2 的耐受性提高了100倍左右.野生聚球藻7002的重金属耐受性系数(mg/g)大小依次为:As(Ⅲ)>Pb2 >Mg2 >Zn2 >Cu2 >Ni2 >Cd2 >Co2 >Hg2 ,而转mMT-I基因聚球藻7002的重金属耐受性系数(mg/g)大小依次为:As(Ⅲ)>Mg2 >Pb2 >Hg2 >Zn2 >Cu2 >Cd2 >Ni2 >Co2 .转mMT-I基因聚球藻7002在重金属溶液中生长的IC50明显大于野生聚球藻7002和其他藻,其对Pb2 、Cd2 和Hg2 的IC50分别为96.60(72 h)、3.94(72h)、7.57(96 h)mg/L.     

会仙岩溶湿地丰平枯时期地下水金属元素污染与健康风险

以我国面积最大的亚热带低海拔岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区不同时期（丰水期、平水期和枯水期）地下水27组样品中10种金属元素（Cd、Cr、As、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg和Fe）进行测试和分析,分别运用综合污染评价法、多元统计分析及健康风险评价模型揭示了丰平枯时期地下水中10种金属元素的污染特征、分布状况和健康风险.结果表明,研究区地下水中金属元素的平均浓度大小为：Mn > Fe > Zn > Al > Hg > Cr > Cu > Cd > As > Pb,丰水期Mn（1022.00 μg·L^-1）和平水期Hg（42.40 μg·L^-1）最大浓度超过我国相关水质标准限值.据污染评价结果,丰水期地下水中仅Mn污染等级出现Ⅵ,Cd、Al、Zn、Fe污染等级均为Ⅲ,平水期仅Hg污染等级为Ⅵ,仅Al污染等级为Ⅲ.从金属元素超标组分、浓度和污染特征看,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中Zn、Cd、Mn和Al浓度受人类活动影响,时间尺度特征不明显,As、Fe、Cu和Cr浓度即受人类活动影响,又具有一定时间尺度特征,Hg和Pb浓度主要表现为时间尺度特征.据健康风险评价结果,地下水中10种金属元素通过饮用水和皮肤入渗2种途径暴露的人群总健康风险大小为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,Cr通过饮用水途径在丰水期（8.03×10^-5 a^-1和8.76×10^-5 a^-1）、平水期（1.15×10^-4 a^-1和1.26×10^-4 a^-1）和枯水期（8.72×10^-5 a^-1和9.51×10^-5 a^-1）引起的成人和儿童致癌风险均高于5.0×10^-5 a^-1,Cr是引起致癌健康风险的主要金属元素.从饮用水安全角度,饮用前应对会仙岩溶湿地部分地下水中Mn、Hg和Cr进行一定控制.     

重庆典型岩溶区地下河中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸来源、迁移及转化

为阐述青木关地下河中溶解态正构烷烃和脂肪酸的来源、迁移及转化研究,2013年7月31日、10月25日分别在青木关地下河入口、天窗和出口处进行采样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,7月和10月样品中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸的平均含量分别为1 354、667 ng·L-1和24 203、2 526ng·L-1.溶解态正构烷烃和脂肪酸的含量随地下河运移距离的增加均呈降低的趋势;基于正构烷烃分子特征参数CPI、OEP、Paq和R(ΣC≤20含量与总量的百分比)发现7月青木关地下河中溶解态正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物和藻类.10月主要来源于地表水生植物,但随着地下河运移距离的增加,藻类和细菌等微生物的贡献逐渐增大;溶解态脂肪酸C16:0比例最高,结合碳峰分布特征显示7月和10月水样中,藻类和细菌等微生物为地下河中溶解态脂肪酸的主要来源.     

Occurrence, polarity and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in the Huangpu River, China

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles in aquatic ecosystem. To investigate the characteristics of DOM in Huangpu River {the last tributary of the Yangtze River）, surface water samples were collected along the river from December 2011 to June, 2013. The concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, the absorbance and fluorescence spectrum of DOM in water samples were measured. Fluorescent DOM in the Huangpu River was decomposed into four components by the parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC）, including one humic-like substance and three protein-like substances. It showed that high spatial variability of DOC concentration was observed in the upstream water compared to the downstream water, and so did the absorbance coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and the total fluorescence intensities of different PARAFAC components of DOM. Furthermore, there was a large difference between the polarity and bioavailability of DOM in the Huangpu River. Polar compounds dominated tyrosine-like component of fluorescent DOM in all seasons. Tryptophan-like and humic-like substances had more polar fraction in summer and autumn than those in winter, while aromatic protein-like materials had the highest polar fraction in winter. Almost all of fluorescent DOM components were refractory in spring, while less than 20% of fluorescent DOM in average were biodegradable within 4 weeks in other seasons. We concluded that the spatial variation in the abundance of DOM in the Huangpu River is mainly affected by the water discharges from the Hangjiahu Plain and the seasonal difference in polarity and bioavailability of DOM is largely determined by its origins.     

乌梁素海流域地表水中全氟化合物分布、来源及其生态风险

全氟化合物(polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)在长期生产和使用过程中会通过多介质扩散和远距离迁移等方式进入环境中.本研究分析了乌梁素海流域丰水期及枯水期采集的地表水样品中17种PFASs,探讨了该地区PFASs 的时空分布特征、潜在来源及生态风险.结果表明,PFASs在所有地表水样品中均...     

激电测深法在印尼塔里阿布岛铅锌多金属矿区勘查中的应用

利用直流激发极化法对称四极测深装置对印尼塔里阿布岛铅锌多金属矿化地段进行勘探,结合该区地质特征、成矿规律及岩层地球物理特征,获得该矿区铅锌矿体(化)的产状及规模信息。研究表明,该矿区矿体的低阻高极化异常特征与围岩差异显著。采用RES2DINV电法二维反演软件对测深剖面进行反演处理,在反演时加入剖面地形数据,可有效制约地形起伏对异常体形态及埋深的干扰,提高数据处理的精确度。依据激电测深数据反演结果并结合物性工作成果,对测深剖面进行地质解译推断。利用I线剖面布置的槽探及钻探工程对解译推断成果进行验证,结果表明,见矿位置及产状规模与物探解译推断成果吻合度较高,激电测深法在该区多金属勘查中取得了较好的应用效果。     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

金属催化剂对油漆板材催化热解产物的影响

研究使用CaCO3、CaO、Fe2O3、还原铁粉、Na2CO35种金属催化剂对油漆板材进行热解,收集固、液两相产物进行产率计算和检测分析.结果表明,5种催化剂都有效提高了热解固相产物的产率,CaCO3、Na2CO3以及还原铁粉可以增加液相产品产率.钛元素在所有催化热解固相产物含量均较高,可能造成潜在的环境污染.热解液相...