基于多元统计分析的辽东湾沉积物痕量金属地球化学特征

为研究辽东湾表层沉积物中痕量金属的地球化学特征和可能产生的生物效应,于2015年在辽东湾设置38个采样点,采集表层沉积物样品,测定其中13种痕量金属污染物的含量,并采用多元统计分析法对其地球化学特征进行研究. 结果表明:辽东湾表层沉积物中w(Al)、w(V)、w(Cr)、w(Mn)、w(Fe)、w(Co)、w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Ba)和w(Pb)平均值分别为55 726.95、76.21、35.59、852.85、30 482.16、11.98、27.88、21.60、76.53、9.16、0.17、396.78和21.72 mg/kg;其中w(Al)最高,占63.51%;w(Fe)其次,占34.74%. 多元统计分析结果表明,痕量金属受氧化还原环境影响强烈,V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd在沉积物的氧化还原循环中易被Fe氧化物吸附,与Fe氧化物产生共生关系. Ba与Pb存在共生关系,具有相似的物质来源和地球化学特征;Mn是海洋沉积物中主要化学成分;Cr一般和沉积物中的陆地碎屑相结合. 生态效应浓度评价表明,Ni和As偶尔会产生不利的生物效应,产生几率分别为97%和63%;Ni、As、Cu、Pb和Cr长期暴露会产生毒性效应,产生几率分别为100%、94%、74%、6%和3%,Zn和Cd不会产生毒性效应. 根据对生物产生负面效应和毒性效应的概率,痕量金属污染程度的排序为Ni＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn=Cd.      

醋渣和糠醛渣对赤泥中金属稳定性的影响

赤泥中和是实现堆场植被复垦的必要途径,而醋渣和糠醛渣是赤泥降碱和改良效果较好的2种生物质材料.针对赤泥碱性降低过程中理化性质的改变,根据MEP(多级提取程序)毒性溶出以及BCR形态分级试验,对醋渣和糠醛渣对赤泥中金属行为的影响进行了研究.结果表明:添加20%的醋渣和糠醛渣后,赤泥pH从10.60分别降至9.61和8.96,w(TOC)从8.04 g/kg分别增至35.11和38.62 g/kg,赤泥比表面积从10.18 m2/g分别降至7.36和8.57 m2/g,CEC(阳离子交换量)从106.28 cmol/kg分别增至127.19和161.59 cmol/kg;赤泥中Mo的最低浸出浓度为0.37 mg/L,超过GB/T 14848—1993《地下水质量标准》中Mo的Ⅲ类标准限值(0.1 mg/L);醋渣和糠醛渣可有效抑制赤泥中Al、V、Pb的浸出,但却可促进Cu、Mn、Ni和Mo的浸出,四者的最高浸出浓度分别可达64.45、17.64、12.09 μg/L和29.37 mg/L;醋渣和糠醛渣的添加可导致Al、V和Pb向稳定性较高的残渣态转化,Ni则向稳定性较低的酸可提取态转化.研究显示,糠醛渣比醋渣有更强的中和能力,对赤泥中金属稳定性影响较小.赤泥中金属元素具有潜在的长期浸出性且环境风险较高.      

Co掺杂ZIF-67基介孔碳材料活化PS降解苯酚研究

文章以苯酚为目标污染物,以ZIF-67聚合体作为前驱体,通过还原气体煅烧制备钴掺杂碳材料,并以此为活化剂研究其活化PS降解苯酚的效果。此外,对影响苯酚降解效果的因素(材料的合成煅烧温度、材料中Co的含量、加入PS的量、初始pH值以及自由基的捕获)进行了探讨;同时,考察了掺Co碳材料的重复次数对苯酚的矿化效果的影响。研究结果表明,当掺Co碳材料/PS的质量比为1∶4,溶液pH为7时,在10 min内苯酚的矿化率接近80%;通过自由基捕获实验可以看出硫酸根自由基(SO_4~-·)和羟基自由基(·OH)是苯酚降解的主要活性基团;含Co碳材料重复使用4次时对苯酚的去除效率依然能够达到70%以上。     

处理氨气生物滴滤塔中氮转化途径及生物相分析

为了探究除氨生物滴滤塔中氮转化途径及其生物相特征,以氨气(NH_3)作为研究对象,在填料塔空塔停留时间为5.7 s,循环液喷淋强度为637 L/(h?m~2)条件下,进行了平均进气浓度分别为5.21、11.06和17.32 mg/m~3(以N为计)的3组试验,NH_3平均去除率分别为93.86%、95.12%、96.13%,且出气浓度均低于1 mg/m~3(以N为计)。在3组试验过程中,对进气、出气以及循环液中各种化学形态N元素分别进行了检测,通过N质量平衡分析了生物滴滤塔中氮转化途径,结果表明进气中的NH_3-N经液相吸收后,很大一部分被微生物利用后直接氧化成NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N,少部分N元素被反硝化脱除,还有一部分N元素被转化为N_(org)。应用Illumina平台高通量测序技术对生物滴滤塔内生物膜中的生物种属进行了分析,结果显示优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属Bacillus、产黄杆菌属Rhodanobacter、慢生根瘤菌属Bradyrhizobium、肠球菌属Enterococcus、类芽孢杆菌属Paenibacillus等,生物滴滤塔内微生物群落主要利用硝化菌群将NH_4~+-N氧化成硝氮和亚硝氮,并利用反硝化菌群将硝氮和亚硝氮反硝化成N_2。     

不同耐盐植物协同复合填料强化人工湿地净化含盐废水

植物是人工湿地发挥水处理功能的重要组成部分,为深入研究耐盐植物净化含盐水体机理及协同填料的作用,以美人蕉（Canna indica L.）、互花米草（Spartina alterniflora Loisel）、海三棱藨草（Scirpus mariqueter）为研究对象,协同复合填料,分别研究不同碳氮比、盐度条件和在不同装置中污染物去除效果的差异性,同时分析实验装置植物体内酶活性、植物根际与填料表面附着微生物的多样性和群落结构,旨在提高人工湿地系统运行效果。结果表明:1）人工湿地可有效处理滨海含盐水体,当HRT=4 d时,C/N=3∶1、盐度为1‰条件下,对TN、TP与COD去除效果达到最佳;2）3种耐盐植物均表现一定耐盐性,顺序为互花米草>海三棱藨草>美人蕉;3）加入新型矿渣材料的互花米草装置对TN、TP、COD去除率达到最佳,分别为95.56%、95.46%、63.61%,同时微生物多样性较丰富,加入新型矿渣材料的装置可有序优化微生物比例,促进互花米草与湿地功能性微生物协同净化水体,有利于发挥各菌种优势,以防优势菌种恶意繁殖;且该装置中互花米草体内POD、CAT、可溶性糖含量均高于其他装置植物,且丙二酮最低,表明植物遭受逆境伤害较低,抗干扰能力强。这为湿地植物处理沿海或含盐废水及构建高效人工湿地提供了科学依据与技术支撑。     

纳米铜复合材料催化还原染料废水的研究

以铜的有机金属框架为铜源前驱物,酚醛树脂为碳源,合成了多孔碳层支撑的Cu/Cu2O/C非贵金属复合材料.负载的Cu/Cu2O颗粒粒径在40nm左右,多孔碳层的高孔隙结构有利于Cu/Cu2O颗粒与目标物充分接触.将Cu/Cu2O/C作为催化剂用于水中多种染料类污染物(邻硝基苯、亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B)的催化还原反应中,材料重复利用5次后,目标物的降解率仍在99%以上,催化剂表现出了良好的催化活性和稳定性.     

多金属污染土壤中微生物群落功能对麻疯树-化学联合修复的响应

应用BIOLOG实验技术,结合土壤和植物的相关指标,对广东省大宝山矿山周边多金属污染土壤修复过程中微生物群落代谢方式的变化进行分析,结果表明,施用改良剂可以显著提高土壤微生物群落的活性:粉煤灰＞石灰＞白云石＞对照,其中粉煤灰对提高多金属污染土壤微生物的代谢多样性有显著效果;种植麻疯树后土壤微生物活性也发生变化,结果为:...     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

序批式生物膜法对味精废水的提标处理研究

在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中加入不同类型填料,形成序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)并进行平行比选试验,考察通过投加生物填料对河南某味精生产企业原有SBR工艺进行升级改造的技术可行性.试验周期为38 d,期间对3组反应器内的SVI,pH,COD,氨氮及总氮浓度进行监测.试验结果表明:投加了悬浮球的SBBR反应器内的生...     

An innovative membrane bioreactor and packed-bed biofilm reactor combined system for shortcut nitrification-denitrification

An innovative shortcut biological nitrogen removal system, consisting of an aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) and an anaerobic packed-bed biofilm reactor (PBBR), was evaluated for treating high strength ammonium-bearing wastewater. The system was seeded with enriched ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and operated without sludge purge with a decreased hydraulic retention time (HRT) through three phases. The MBR was successful in both maintaining nitrite ratio over 0.95 and nitrification efficiency higher than 98% at a HRT of 24 h. The PBBR showed satisfactory denitrification efficiency with very low effluent nitrite and nitrate concentration (both below 3 mg/L). By examining the nitrification activity of microorganism, it was found that the specific ammonium oxidization rate (SAOR) increased from 0.17 to 0.51 g N/(g VSS·d) and then decreased to 0.22 g N/(g VSS·d) at the last phase, which resulted from the accumulation of extracellular polymers substances (EPS) and inert matters enwrapped around the zoogloea. In contrast, the average specific nitrite oxidization rate (SNOR) is 0.002 g N/(g VSS·d), only 1% of SAOR. Because very little Nitrobactor has been detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), it is confirmed that the stability of high nitrite accumulation in MBR is caused by a large amount of AOB.