太湖西部入湖口沉积物中有机物分布及其潜在指示意义

太湖作为重要的工农业用水水源以及周边居民饮用水源,其水质安全受到高度关注。在太湖西部入湖口采集7个沉积物样品,研究了合成麝香、多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂(OPs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)含量水平和分布规律。研究结果表明,沉积物中多种污染物分布广泛,含量水平差异较大。其中,Σ15PAHs含量371 ng·g~(-1)~2.53$103ng·g~(-1),主要来源于生物质燃烧和化石燃料高温裂解;沉积物中检出4种多环麝香,主要组分为佳乐麝香(HHCB)(0.0792 ng·g~(-1)~1.17 ng·g~(-1))和吐纳麝香(AHTN)(0.123 ng·g~(-1)~1.29 ng·g~(-1)),它们指示了太湖水体已遭受一定程度生活污水输入影响;沉积物中Σ6OPs含量范围为1.63 ng·g~(-1)~21.9 ng·g~(-1),主要污染组分为磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP),并呈现明显的点源排放特征;沉积物中六六六系列(HCHs)(0.310 ng·g~(-1)~1.11 ng·g~(-1))和滴滴涕系列(DDTs)(0.551 ng·g~(-1)~6.40 ng·g~(-1))主要来源于历史残留。位于太滆流域的几个入湖口沉积物中多种污染物含量多高于浙江省辖区3个入湖口沉积物。     

基于改进偏最小二乘法的近红外快速分析强化生物除磷污泥胞内PHA

聚β羟基烷酸酯(PHA)是强化生物除磷系统中颗粒污泥胞内重要碳源和能源,其快速测定对强化生物除磷机理研究有重要意义. 采用Savitzky-Golay平滑法(SG)-多元散射校正法(MSC)对污泥的近红外光谱进行预处理,通过改进的偏最小二乘法(iPLS、siPLS、biPLS)建立污泥样品近红外光谱与PHA含量的定量分析模型.结果表明,SG-MSC预处理减弱噪声和背景等表面因素对光谱的影响,采用联合区间偏最小二乘法(siPLS)将全光谱等分为30个子区间, 联合子区间[13 21 24 29]建立的模型预测效果最优,其交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.2018和0.3120,校正集和预测集相关系数分别达到0.9925和0.9391,该光谱区段与PHA分子结构中C-H的伸缩变形、弯曲振动和C=O的伸缩振动密切相关. 改进偏最小二乘有效地优化光谱建模区域,提高模型预测能力,实现污泥胞内PHA含量的快速定量分析.     

美国环保署撤销针对4种物质的重要新用途规则

<正>2014年4月16日美国环保署(EPA)撤销了其在2月份基于快速直接最终法规制定程序颁布的35项重要新用途规则中的4项。这4项重要新用途规则涵盖下列物质:MDI改性聚亚烷基乙二醇;丙烯酸酯聚合物与聚异氰酸酯的反应产物;1,3-苯二甲酸与1,4-苯二甲酸、1,4-二甲基1,4-苯二甲酸酯、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇、十二烷二酸、1,2-乙二醇、己二酸、1,6-己二醇、烷二醇酯的聚合物;芳香族异氰酸酯;以及亚甲基二异氰酸酯与聚丙二醇和二醇类物质的聚合物。     

A potentiometric cobalt-based phosphate sensor based on screen-printing technology

A potentiometric cobalt-based screen-pritning sensor was fabricated by electroplating cobalt on the surface of a screen-printing electrode as the sensitive layer for the determination of dihydrogenphosphate （H2PO4） in wastewater samples. The electrochemical performance of this sensor was fully examined to determine its detection calibration, detection limit, response time, selectivity, and interference with pH, various ions, and dissolved oxygen （DO）. The cobalt-based phosphate sensor showed a phosphate-selective potential response in the range of 10 5mol·L^-1 to 10^-1 mol^-1, yielding a detection limit of 3.16 × 10μmol·L^l and a slope of -37.51 mV·decade＇ in an acidic solution （pH 4.0） of H2PO4-. DO and pH were found to interfere with sensor responses to phosphate. Ultimately, the performance of the sensor was validated for detecting wastewater samples from the Xiaojiahe Waste- water Treatment Plant against the standard speetrophotometric methods for HzPO4 analysis. The discrepancy between the two methods was generally ＋5% （relative standard deviation）. Aside from its high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability, which are comparable with conventional bulk Co-wire sensors, the proposed phosphate sensor presents many other advantages, such as low price, compactness, ease of use, and the possibility of integration with other analytical devices, such as flow injectors.     

Variation in humic and fulvic acids during thermal sludge treatment assessed by size fractionation,elementary analysis,and spectroscopic methods

Thermal pretreatment can be applied to sludge anaerobic digestion or dewatering. To analyze the variation in humic substances during thermal sludge treatment, sludge humic and fulvic acids were extracted before and after 30-min thermal treatment at 180℃, and then their contents, molecular weight distributions, elementary compositions, and spectral characteristics were compared. The results showed that the total contents of humic and fulvic acids in the sludge almost remained constant during thermal treatment, but 35% ofhumic and fulvic acids were dissolved from the sludge solids. Moreover, both humic and fulvic acids were partly decomposed and 32% of humic acids were converted to fulvic acids. The median value of the molecular weights of humic acids decreased from 81 to 41 kDa and that of fulvic acids decreased from 15 to 2 kDa. Besides the reduction in molecular size, the chemical structures of humic and fulvic acids also exhibited a slight change, i.e. some oxygen functional groups disappeared and aromatic structures increased after thermal sludge treatment.     

脉冲电晕等离子体降解有毒气体

采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体对化学毒剂模拟剂氯膦酸二乙酯(DECP)进行降解,结果表明,对初始浓度为70 mg·m-3的DECP降解率为96.4%.通过GC-MS和离子色谱分析,其降解产物主要有CHCl2-CH2Cl、CHCl2-CHCl2、二氯膦酸乙酯、HCl和H3PO4,并根据降解产物探讨了等离子体对DECP的降解反应机理.DECP分子中的P—Cl和C—O键断裂促使DECP矿化为H3PO4和HCl,而C—O键断裂形成的乙基与氯自由基反应形成CHCl2-CH2Cl和CHCl2-CHCl2;同时DECP分子中的一个P—O键发生断裂后与氯自由基结合形成了二氯膦酸乙酯.对DECP的反应动力学进行了分析讨论,得到其反应速率常数为0.0516 m.3(W.h)-1.     

上海市滨岸带沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直分布及空间变化特征

对上海市滨岸带(北起浏河口,南至杭州湾的金丝娘桥)18个柱状沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)质量分数及其垂直分布特征进行了研究. 结果表明:沉积物中w(AVS)为0.38～317.60 mg/kg,底层沉积物中w(AVS)平均值最高,是表层和中层的2倍左右. 各采样点沉积物中底层w(AVS)空间变化差异最大,表层w(AVS)变化较小. 人类活动干扰(滨岸带围垦、工业排污和生活排污和畜禽养殖等)显著改变了潮滩原有的自然环境特征〔w(有机碳)、含水率、粒度组成以及氧化还原电位等〕,可能成为控制上海市滨岸带沉积物中w(AVS)空间变化差异的决定性因素.      

利用CDM-PSS-DGT装置累积测量水中的Ni2+和Co2+

研究了CDM-PSS-DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积和测量.测定了Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )与聚乙烯苯磺酸(PSS)的条件配位稳定常数以及Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )在扩散层中的扩散系数.考察了酸度、离子强度以及碱金属和碱土金属对CDM-PSS-DGT装置累积水中Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的影响.在pH 4-9范围内,酸度对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量影响不大;离子强度对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量有较强的影响,随着离子强度的不断增大,CDM-PSS- DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量逐渐下降;碱金属、碱土金属与Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )共存时,CDM-PSS-DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )优先累积.经测定Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )与结合相PSS的条件配位稳定常数(lg K)分别为8.04和8.07.配制水中CDM-PSS-DGT装置能准确地对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )进行测量,Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的测量回收率分别为:93.84%和91.82%,RSD%分别为:3.53%和4.89%.     

柠檬酸、天冬氨酸复合酸浸法去除污泥中的重金属研究

研究柠檬酸和天冬氨酸对污泥中重金属的去除效果,以柠檬酸和天冬氨酸比例、pH、添加相差时间、反应时间为因素设计正交实验。结果表明,各反应条件因素对各重金属的去除影响大小依次为:pH值添加相差时间反应时间物质的量浓度比;最佳工艺条件:pH值为1.5,添加相差时间为9h,反应时间为18h,柠檬酸与天冬氨酸物质的量浓度比0.2:0.4;各重金属的去除率:Zn为43.9%,Cu为18.7%,Pb为30.7%,Cd为74.7%,Cr为27.4%。     

不宜空腹食用的10种食物

<正>人是铁饭是钢,所以食物对于人体来说是非常重要的,但是什么时候吃什么食物是有很多讲究的。比如:豆浆是不可以在空腹的时候食用的,空腹喝豆浆不会起到应有的营养作用。其实在日常生活中这种情况是非常常见的,下面就详细介绍一下不宜空腹吃的食物。1.白薯。白薯中含有单宁和胶质,会刺激胃壁分泌更多胃酸,引起烧心等不适感。