耕地土壤铜、镉、锌形态及生物有效性研究

土壤重金属总量常被用来评估土壤质量安全,但是大量事实说明单纯用土壤重金属总量并不能完全说明土壤重金属的生物有效性及其环境风险。相对于国内外常用的Tessier的五态方法,欧共体标准物质局提出的三步提取法（BCR法1,中国地质调查局地质连续提取法的七态标准少见报道。本研究选取河南平原耕地样品,采用中国地质调查局地质连续提取法（DD2005．03）进行耕地中重金属元素（Cu、Cd、Zn）的形态分布,结果表明：Cu、Zn主要以残渣态存在,其残渣态分别占全量的55．80％和67．35％。Cd以离子交换态为主,占全量的27．30％。Cu、Cd、Zn各态含量占全量比例的顺序是,Cu：残渣态〉弱有机结合交换态〉铁锰氧化态〉碳酸盐结合态〉强有机结合态〉水溶态〉离子交换态。Cd：离子交换态〉弱有机结合交换态〉强有机结合态〉残渣态〉碳酸盐结合态〉铁锰氧化态〉水溶态。Zn：残渣态〉铁锰氧化态〉弱有机盐结合态〉离子交换态〉强有机结合态〉碳酸盐态〉水溶态。从生物可利用性系数k来看,Cd主要以活动性较大的状态存在,很容易被作物吸收。     

酸雨对长江三角洲地区四种典型土壤中锌解吸的影响

近年来酸雨危害频繁发生,特别是长江三角洲地区,酸雨致使土壤中重金属锌的吸附和解吸发生了一定的变化。选取具有代表性的长江三角洲地区4种典型土壤,通过加入外源重金属锌培育污染土样,在不同pH的酸雨下对已污染土样进行解吸。通过实验探究土壤母质对于重金属锌的吸附及解吸的特点,为国家制定土壤标准提供可靠的数据支持。结果表明：土壤中锌的解吸量随着pH的降低而增加;比较不同母质发育而成的土壤,在pH=4.0、5.6模拟已污染土壤中锌的解吸量顺序为：沟沟堆积母质〉湖相沉积物母质〉河相沉积物母质〉海相沉积物母质。在pH=2.0、3.0时,河相沉积物母质、湖相沉积物母质解吸量迅速增加,超过海相沉积物母质锌的解吸量。     

吡啶硫酮锌对水生生物的急性毒性(Acute Toxicity Effects of Zinc Pyrithione on Aquatic Organisms)

在没有下水处理设施的地区,去屑洗发香波中所含有的吡啶硫酮锌(zinc pyrithione,ZPT)随着生活废水被直接排放到河中.为了考察流入河中的ZPT对水生生物的影响,设想ZPT最终被底质吸附,在添加和未添加底质两种试验条件下,采用静水生物测试法对麦穗鱼、青鳉、泥鳅鱼、直突摇蚊亚科二龄幼虫、河蚬进行了室内急性毒性试验.结果表明,添加底质时,ZPT对麦穗鱼、青鳉、泥鳅鱼、直突摇蚊亚科二龄幼虫、河蚬48h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.06、0.09、0.27、0.07和5.05mg·L-1;未添加底质时,ZPT对麦穗鱼、青鳉、泥鳅鱼、直突摇蚊亚科二龄幼虫、河蚬48hLC50分别为0.10、0.11、0.22、0.12和5.34mg·L-1.统计结果显示,添加与未添加底质,ZPT对上述供试生物的48hLC50值无显著差异(p>0.05).根据我国相关标准判定ZPT对麦穗鱼、青鳉、直突摇蚊亚科2龄幼虫属剧毒物质.     

膜萃取处理水溶液中镉、锌离子的传质模型

通过测量中空纤维膜器管程和壳程RTD曲线,发现对于中低装填密度的膜器,管程的实际流动与理想层流有较大差异,而壳程的流动与理想层流符合较好,膜器管程和壳程流动RTD曲线的平均停留时间的实验值与理论值相差很小,停留时间相对偏差小于±5%.通过计算,得出与实际RTD曲线符合较好的速度分布公式,依据镉离子传质数据,提出了较为准确的低流速下的传质系数预测关联式,并用此关联式预测锌离子的出口浓度,预测值与实验值符合较好,相对偏差在±25% 以内.     

Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum）

The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 mol/L CdCl2 associated to di erent concentrations of ZnCl2 (10, 50, 100, and 150 mol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cdtreated plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.111.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial e ect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their e ect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.     

脉冲电湿式脱硫除尘技术及其在精锌冶炼炉的应用

介绍脉冲电湿式脱硫除尘技术及其在精锌冶炼炉上的应用。     

废旧锌锰电池及其回收过程中汞载体的研究

针对目前一些回收废旧锌锰电池工艺在汞回收处理上存在的问题,集中对废旧锌锰电池中汞的载体以及回收处理废旧锌锰电池过程中汞载体的变化进行了研究,为废旧锌锰电池回收处理中汞的完全回收提供了依据.     

废锌锰电池真空蒸馏法去除汞的研究

废锌锰电池回收利用中的正交实验,研究蒸馏温度、系统压强和蒸馏时间对去除汞的综合影响;寻找去除汞的最优工艺条件.根据实验结果,使用真空蒸馏的方法处理锌锰电池优化的工艺参数为:蒸馏温度500～600℃,蒸馏时间60～80 min,系统压强3000～7000 Pa.     

Leaching behavior of Pb and Zn in air pollution control residues and their modeling prediction

Increasing attention has been paid to air pollution control （APC） residues in China recently due to the rising proportion of waste incineration and the hazardous characteristics of the residues, among which heavy metal leaching toxicity plays an important role. Leaching behavior and potential risk of Pb and Zn in the APC residues from a Shanghai municipal solid waste （MSW） incinerator was studied, based on the leaching tests under different conditions and theoretical calculation using a geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2. Results showed that, extractant species and liquid to solid （L/S） ratio predominantly controlled the leaching toxicity of Pb and Zn, while ionic strength, vibration method and leaching time had less effect on the metals release. Leachate/final pH determined the metal leaching behavior, which changed the speciation of heavy metals in the extraction system. The equilibrium aqueous speciation, precipitation-dissolution of Pb and Zn was investigated according to the model computation, which was well in agreement with the experimental results.     

城市污泥中铜锌的化学形态及其去除

利用连续提取法研究了城市污泥中铜和锌的化学形态,结果表明:污泥中铜和锌都以稳定性较好的硫化物及有机结合物、残渣态形式存在,生物毒性较小,通过适当处理后可以安全加以利用;在此基础上,研究了利用乙酸和双氧水去除污泥中铜和锌的适宜工艺条件,结果表明:在室温条件下,在pH值为4的环境中,利用添加H_2O_2的浓度为2mol/L的乙酸溶液,反应时间为4h,就可以将污泥中超过95%以上的铜和锌淋滤去除。