Oxidative stress and DNA damages induced by cadmium accumulation

Experimental evidence shows that cadmium （Cd） could induce oxidative stress and then causes DNA damage in animal cells, however, whether such effect exists in plants is still unclear. In the present study, Vicia faba plants was exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L Cd for 4 d to investigate the distribution of Cd in plant, the metal effects on the cell lipids, antioxidative enzymes and DNA damages in leaves. Cd induced an increase in Cd concentrations in plants. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation in leaves and an enhanced concentration of H2O2 in root tissues suggested that Cd caused oxidative stress in Vicia faba. Compared with control, Cd-induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase activity was significant at 5 mg/L than at 10 mg/kg in leaves, by contrast, catalase and peroxidaseactivities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. DNA damage was detected by neutral/neutral, alkaline/neutral and alkaline/alkaline Comet assay. Increased levels of DNA damages induced by Cd occurred with reference to oxidative stress in leaves, therefore, oxidative stress induced by Cd accumulation in plants contributed to DNA damages and was possibly an important mechanism of Cd-phytotoxicity in Vicia faba plants.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

公路两侧土壤中铅和镉污染以及存在形态分布的分析

测定了土壤中铅、镉总量,并采用五级连续浸提法和石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法对北京市3条典型公路两侧的土壤样品中铅和镉的存在形态分布进行了测定.结果表明,所选3条公路出京方向右侧的土壤铅和镉污染严重,其铅、镉总量分别是北京地区土壤铅和镉含量背景值的1.62～6.69、5.97～18.74倍.土壤中铅主要以铁锰氧化物结合态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和残渣态等形式存在,镉主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形式存在,而活性强的离子交换态浓度均较低.不容忽视的是,铅和镉的碳酸盐结合态在碱性条件下稳定,但是具有遇酸释放的隐患.     

湘江霞湾港段底泥的含镉量分布研究

为了研究湘江霞湾港段底泥中镉的含量分布和释放特性,对该河段底泥采样以测定含镉量,并采用Tessier连续提取法对镉形态进行分析测定.结果表明,湘江霞湾港段受到严重的镉污染,其底泥含镉量最高达359.8μg/g.湘江底泥和间隙水中含镉量的吸附-解吸平衡可采用Freundlich吸附等温式描述.对新霞湾和老霞湾排污口附近河流底泥的镉形态分析表明,镉污染物以有机质-硫化物结合态为主,分别占总量的73.3%(质量分数,下同)、65.3%,其次是残渣晶格结合态,分别占总量的26.5%、34.4%.     

聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂对Cd2+吸附性能研究

制备了一种聚(丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂,重点考察了吸附剂对Cd2+吸附的pH依赖性、吸附动力学和吸附等温线.结果表明,Cd2+溶液pH值对吸附容量有较大影响.在pH=8、吸附时间30 min、Cd2+溶液初始浓度0.02 mol/L和吸附剂用量0.10 g的条件下,吸附剂对Cd2+的饱和吸附量可达294.7 mg/g.与膨润土相比,三维网络凝胶吸附剂具有更高的吸附容量和更快的吸附速率.     

东北草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附行为研究

采用平衡吸附法,研究了镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附行为,探讨草甸黑土对镉和锌吸附的影响因素。结果表明,随着镉和锌离子平衡浓度逐渐升高,草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附量起初迅速增大,随后增幅渐趋平缓;采用Langmuir型等温吸附曲线拟合,确定草甸黑土对镉和锌的最大吸附量为：镉（0.7335mg·g^-1）〉锌（0.5388mg·g^-1）,这表明草甸黑土对镉的吸附能力比锌强;腐植酸会增强镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附能力,EDTA却会减弱镉和锌在草甸黑土上的吸附能力;经过铵盐处理,草甸黑土对镉和锌吸附量大小为：硫酸铵〉氯化铵〉乙酸铵,这3种铵盐都抑制草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附;在一定的浓度范围内,随着pH值逐渐增大,草甸黑土对镉和锌的吸附量逐渐增加。研究结论为预测镉和锌在草甸黑土中的运移和防治镉和锌的污染提供科学依据。     

畜禽养殖场废水中铜铁铬镉元素测定的研究

用原子吸收光谱法对畜禽养殖废水中总铜、总铁、总铬、总镉进行测定,使用自制的改进液体进样装置,直接在线加入硝酸镧一十二烷基磺酸钠复配溶液,提高了铅和铬元素的灵敏度,降低了干扰。方法回收率较好,能够达到检测要求。     

对广东北江镉污染事件的立法评析—兼评《水污染防治法》

本文选取环境问题比较突出的水污染领域进行集中探讨,从分析“广东北江镉污染”这一具有典型意义的水污染突发事件入手,首先分析导致北江污染事件发生的具有普遍意义的共性原因,然后总结1996年《水污染防治法》存在的问题并提出修订法律的必要性,最后通过对2008年新修订的《水污染防治法》相关制度的解读与评说,来提出进一步完善新法的一些立法建议。     

“镉污染杀手”肆虐逞凶，谁之过？

7月30日,湖南省浏阳市镇头镇上千名村民因镉污染问题分别围堵镇政府、镇派出所。8月1日,污染企业湘和化工厂法人代表被刑事拘留,浏阳市环保局局长和分管副局长被停职,相关责任人接受调查。