镉对长江华溪蟹金属硫蛋白mRNA表达的诱导及低分子量壳聚糖的联合作用

采用实时荧光定量PCR法,研究了不同浓度镉（Cd2＋）对长江华溪蟹（Sinopotamon yangtsekiense）金属硫蛋白（metallothionein,简称MT）在肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉和心脏中mRNA表达的诱导作用及低分子量壳聚糖（lowmolecular weight chitosan,简称LMWC）的联合作...     

城市工业区环境系统中的Cd污染循环及其健康风险——以杭州市半山工业区为例

为揭示重金属元素Cd在城市环境系统多种介质中的迁移途径及其潜在危害性,系统分析了杭州市半山工业区主要环境介质（土壤-尘埃-水-底泥-生物）样品中Cd的指标含量,并用连续提取法分析了土壤、尘埃、底泥中Cd的化学形态特征.结果表明,Cd的迁移途径主要有两种,一是以尘埃为媒介在地表环境中迁移,二是通过水介质进入水体环境（水和...     

Evaluation of adsorption capacities of humic acids extracted from Algerian soil on polyaniline for application to remove pollutants such as Cd(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) and characterization with cavity microelectrode

The adsorption capacities of new humic acids isolated from Yakouren forest (YHA) and Sahara (Tamenrasset: THA) soils (Algeria) and commercial humic acid (PFHA) on polyaniline emeraldine base (PEB) were studied at pH 6.6. Also the adsorption of heavy metals such as Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on humic acid-polyaniline systems (HA-PEB) was investigated at the same conditions. HA-PEB compounds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrometry and cavity microelectrode. In addition, batch adsorption and cavity microelectrode were used in the adsorption study of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on HA-PEB. To develop biocaptors of polluting metals using a cavity microelectrode modified by HA-PEB systems, the adsorption kinetic and adsorption capacity were investigated. The SEM analysis showed that the presence of humic acid affected the PEB surface and caused the formation of a granular morphology. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of PFHA, THA and YHA determined by adsorption isotherms were 91.31, 132.1 and 151.0 mg/g, respectively. Batch adsorption results showed that qmax of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ on HA-PEB followed the order: THA-PEB > YHA-PEB > PFHA-PEB. The voltammograms obtained with HA-PEB modified cavity microelectrode showed the appearance of new redox couples reflecting the adsorption of HA on PEB. Metal-humic acid-polyaniline voltammograms were characterized by appearance of oxidation-reduction couples or reduction wave corresponding to metal. Finally, the result may be exploited to develop a biocaptor based on the cavity microelectrode amended by THA-PEB and YHA-PEB.     

产表面活性剂根际菌协同龙葵修复镉污染土壤

从某矿区重金属污染的土壤中分离筛选出一株能产生物表面活性剂的根际细菌LKS06,经生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,将其鉴定为假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas sp.LKS06).生物学特性的测定表明,菌株LKS06对多种重金属有很高的耐受性,且具有分泌吲哚乙酸、产铁载体和ACC脱氨酶活性的能力,并对土壤重金属...     

实验室含铅、镉废水的处理方法探究

文章报道了利用一种新型的环境矿物材料-羟基磷灰石处理实验室高浓度铅、镉污水的方法,该方法与《环境水质监测质量保证手册》中的消石灰处理法相比具有去除速度快、经济有效、无二次污染、安全环保等显著优点。本文还采用消石灰处理法对一次处理后的废水的上清液进行二次处理,这样能使实验室含高浓度的铅、镉废水,在处理后达到地表水三级质量标准。     

脱水污泥中聚合物的碱提取及其镉吸附效能研究

市政污水处理厂产生的脱水剩余污泥中含有大量的细菌胞外聚合物、胞内聚合物等大分子有机物,是一种良好的生物吸附剂制备原料。以脱水污泥为原料,采用碱提取的方法,对污泥中胞外聚合物与胞内聚合物进行提取,提取得到聚合物吸附剂,分析了聚合物吸附剂中聚合物浓度、核酸浓度随提取剂中NaOH浓度的变化,考察了聚合物吸附剂对水中镉的等温吸附性能。研究结果表明,当NaOH浓度小于0.5 mol/L时,随着提取剂NaOH浓度的升高,得到的提取液中聚合物浓度、核酸浓度逐渐升高。最佳的提取剂中NaOH浓度为0.3 mol/L,该条件下能够充分实现污泥中聚合物的提取。当NaOH浓度高于0.5 mol/L,聚合物中核酸存在一定程度的分解。聚合物吸附剂对水中Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir模型,NaOH浓度为0.3 mol/L条件下提取得到的聚合物吸附剂的镉饱和吸附容量最大,达1.022 mmol/g。     

Expression of sulfur uptake assimilation-related genes in response to cadmium, bensulfuron-methyl and their co-contamination in rice roots

The responses of sulfur （S） uptake assimilation-related genes＇ expression in roots of two rice cultivars to cadmium （Cd）, bensulfuron-methyl （BSM） and their co-contamination （Cd＋BSM） were investigated by gene-chip microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR （QRT-PCR） technology. Treatments of Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate transporter and permease genes, and promoted sulfate uptake in rice roots. Cd＋BSM could alleviate Cd toxicity to cv. Fengmeizhan seedlings, probably due to Cd＋BSM promoting greater S absorption by seedlings. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate assimilation-related genes, and thus activated the sulfur assimilation pathway. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of phytochelatin synthase and metallothionein genes, and induced expression of glutathione S-transferases （GSTs）, glutathione synthase （GS） and S- containing antioxidation enzyme genes, which detoxified Cd2＋. It is suggested that （to cope with the toxicity of Cd, BSM and their co-contamination） the S uptake and assimilation pathway was activated in rice roots by increased expression of related genes, thus enhancing the supply of organic S for synthesis of Cd or BSM resistance-related substances.     

碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的吸附效能研究

城市市政污水处理厂产生的剩余污泥是一种良好的重金属生物吸附剂制备原料。以北京某市政污水处理厂产生的脱水剩余污泥为原料,采用碱改性处理方法,制备得到碱改性脱水污泥生物吸附剂,通过其对水中镉的等温吸附实验,考察其重金属吸附效能。研究结果表明:碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。碱改性处理后,脱水污泥对水中镉的最大饱和吸附容量提高了2.8倍,达0.966 mmol/g,显著高于同类型脱水污泥生物吸附剂。碱改性脱水污泥对水中镉的最大饱和吸附容量与改性过程中所使用的Na OH浓度之间的线性相关性较差,呈现一定的波动变化趋势。     

茅尾海沉积物重金属空间分布特征与生态风险

于2010年1月在茅尾海采集了7个沉积物样品,分析了不同深度沉积物的基本理化性质及w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Cu)、w(Fe)、w(Hg)、w(Mn)、w(Ni)、w(Pb)和w(Zn),并采用潜在生态危害指数法进行了潜在生态风险分析.结果表明:这些元素的质量分数空间分布差异显著,总体上呈湾内大于湾外,其中w(Cd)和w(Hg)平均值分别为1.1、0.3 mg/kg,污染最为严重并有加重的趋势;Cd污染可能与周边农田磷肥使用及磷矿开采有关,而Hg污染可能主要是大量使用化石燃料所致.重金属(除As外)质量分数与w(OM)、w(Fe)和w(TN)密切相关,其中w(Cd)与w(TP)密切相关,说明生物和化学过程都显著影响这些元素的空间分布.w(Cu)、w(Hg)、w(Ni)、w(Pb)和w(Zn)之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),说明这几种重金属可能具有同源性;而沉积物中w(Cd)与w(Zn)、w(Pb)、w(Ni)和w(Cu)均呈显著负相关(P0.05),暗示Cd的来源及生物地球化学过程与其他元素不同.该海域重金属潜在生态危害指数依次为CdHgPbZnCuAs,其中Cd与Hg属于中等生态危害;靠近茅岭江汇入区的采样点重金属潜在生态危害指数较高,属于中等生态危害,其余采样点的综合污染也已接近中等生态危害水平.     

真菌LP-20对金属矿土壤镉锌的固定化作用研究

采用真菌分离纯化的方法从某重金属污染土壤中筛选分离出一株能够耐受并吸附二价镉、锌离子(Cd(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ))的真菌菌株LP-20。考察不同修复时间以及土壤p H值对固定化效率的影响。固定化效率以反应前后的镉锌有效态含量(利用TCLP提取液提取法测定)变化衡量。根据ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)r RNA基因测序结果,菌株LP-20属于Trichoderma spirale。LP-20对于Cd(Ⅱ)的固定效果普遍优于Zn(Ⅱ),并且对Cd(Ⅱ)的固定时间(10 d)少于对Zn(Ⅱ)的固定时间(20 d)。LP-20对于Cd(Ⅱ)和Zn(Ⅱ)的固定作用的最适宜p H范围为3~5。发现能够对土壤中镉锌离子具有良好固定化效果的真菌菌株对于发展土壤重金属污染的原位无毒无害化治理技术具有重要的实际意义。