陆地生态系统含硫气体释放研究进展

由自然生态系统释放的含硫气体在全球硫循环中起着重要作用。陆地生态系统主要的自然硫释放源有湿地、土壤、植被、内陆水体和火山等，由自然源释放的含硫气体主要产生于有机硫化物的降解和硫酸盐的还原，同时受温度、光照等环境因素的影响。文章主要综述了对人类有影响的几种含硫气体(DMS、H2S、COS、CH3SH、CS2和DMDS等)从各种自然源释放的情况，同时简要介绍了环境因素如温度、光照、土壤状况、氧化还原条件等对自然源释放含硫气体的影响，最后结合中国的研究现状，指出今后应开展和加强陆地生态系统含硫气体释放通量监测、释放机理及在大气中的转化等方面的研究，以及在此基础上建立含硫气体释放模型。     

Certainties and uncertainties of land cover statistics in China

Vegetation or land cover maps have been made directly or indirectly available for the entire territory of China. The certainties and uncertainties d land cover statistics were analyzed by comparing three data sources: China‘ s Vegetation Map, IGPB DISCover, and University of Maryland Product. Great similarities in the statistics of 7 aggregated land cover types were found among the three data sources, particularly between the two global land cover maps. The per-pixel agreement between any 2 of 3 maps was between 38.0%--51.4% ; the per-pixel agreement among all three maps was only 27.1%. Certainties were found in regions where vegetation types are typical and human land use practice is relatively homogenous; the uncertainties occurred to either vegetation transition zones or regions where land cover types and land use practice are relatively diversified. Systematic and multidisciplinacy efforts are necessary to promote accurate mapping of nationwide land cover types in China. Intensive efforts should be made in regions where uncertainties of land cover information are found.     

上海市环境陆地γ辐射剂量率调查

在上海市全市地域内,按网格布点对环境陆地γ辐射剂量率水平进行了长期、系统的监测和调查。调查结果表明,上海市天然贯穿辐射剂量率室内、外平均值分别为(12.26±1.29)×10~(-8)和(8.88±0.98)×10~(-8)Gy/h,属正常本底水平。上海市环境辐射场的特点是:原野γ辐射剂量率,东部和东北部较低,西部和黄浦江中游两岸稍高;以花岗岩为建材的石块路γ辐射剂量率较高,而柏油路面则较低;砖混与砖木建筑物室内γ辐射剂量率水平有显著性差异。上海市居民所受天然贯穿辐射剂量当量,郊县约为0.76mSv/a,市区为0.77mSv/a。     

滨海陆地生态系统净化功能与价值评估——以黄骅市为例

以生态系统对环境净化的贡献为出发点,将滨海陆地生态系统净化功能价值界定为净化污染物功能价值与大气调节功能价值的总和,选取释放O2、固定CO2、净化硫化物、净化氮氧化物、净化氟化物和滞尘6大生态功能为评价指标,建立滨海陆地生态系统净化价值评估模型,以黄骅市为研究区,运用市场价值法和影子价格法对黄骅市农田、园地、草地和湿地等9类生态系统的净化价值进行评估.结果表明,黄骅市滨海陆地生态系统净化环境价值较大,总价值约为163 454万元;单位面积土地各类净化功能价值由大到小依次为释放O2价值、固定CO2价值和净化污染物价值;从各生态系统类型的单位面积净化功能价值来看,农田、园地、草地和盐碱地的释放O2功能净化价值较高,约0.67元·m-2;盐田固定CO2功能的单位面积净化价值最低,为0.01元·m-2.     

陆地、水域及河口自然生态系统温室气体排放通量探析

为了准确地评估水库温室气体排放通量的量级水平,对不同自然生态系统温室气体排放通量的分析尤为必要。基于此,分析总结了3种不同自然生态系统的温室气体排放通量,即陆地生态系统、水域生态系统及河口。结果得出3种不同自然生态系统为碳汇或碳源,可为发电水库温室气体排放通量的研究提供参考。