污水处理过程中氮、磷去除技术研究与应用

随着城市化和工业化的快速发展,水环境污染日益严重,氮、磷污染已成为全球关注的焦点。本文介绍了氮、磷污染的来源和环境效应,强调了富营养化现象对水生态系统的危害;探讨了不同水体类型中氮、磷含量的差异,突显了不同环境背景下污染物去除的复杂性;阐述了氮、磷去除技术的研究进展,包括生物法、物理化学法以及联合工艺等。通过市区污水处理厂、农村地区污水治理以及工业废水治理等实际应用案例,展示了氮、磷去除技术在不同场景下的实际应用效果,进而有助于促进氮、磷去除水平的不断提高。     

生物基质对煤渣改良地下渗滤系统脱氮效果的影响

地下渗滤系统(SWIS)对硝化、反硝化过程调控不灵活,导致其对氮的去除效果不够理想。组建了两套SWIS装置(1#装置:65～80cm段没有生物基质;2~#装置:65～80cm段添加生物基质),对沿程氮素、硝化和反硝化作用强度及氮还原酶活性进行分析。结果表明,两套装置均表现为硝化反应主要发生在20～60cm段,反硝化反应主要发生在60～80cm段。2~#装置的反硝化作用明显强于1#装置,因此其TN去除率高于1~#装置。硝化作用强度随深度增加而递减,反硝化作用强度随深度增加而递增。硝酸盐还原酶(NAR)活性随深度的增加而逐渐减弱,亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)活性随深度的增加先减弱后又增强。主要原因是2~#装置中添加了干化污泥作为生物基质,为反硝化作用补充了碳源,增强了脱氮能力。     

Alcaligenes faecalis WT14的异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性及对高氨废水处理潜力

异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)菌具有同步硝化反硝化的特性,在污水生物处理方面引起了广泛关注.为探究HN-AD菌在处理高氨废水方面的应用潜力,以前期从人工湿地底泥基质中分离出的HN-AD菌Alcaligenes faecalis WT14为研究对象,在好氧条件下研究了该菌株的脱氮特性,并对其高氨废水去除潜力和环境因子...     

改良倒置A2/O工艺设计

在目前广泛采用的AO、A2O、倒置A2O等工艺的基础上,为提高脱氮除磷效率,提出改良倒置A2O工艺。并对其工艺的特点、设计和脱氮除磷效率进行了详细的研究和分析。     

不同处理工艺在城市污水处理厂强化除磷中的应用效果研究

针对城市污水处理厂出水氮磷含量浓度,比较了不同污水深度处理工艺对氮磷的去除效果。研究结果表明,微滤、超滤、活性炭吸附、反渗透等污水二级处理工艺对污水中氮磷去除效果较差,而使用反渗透和超滤结合的污水处理工艺脱氮除磷效果较好,除磷效果可以达到98%。     

陆地环境中纳米塑料毒性效应的研究进展

塑料在自然环境中降解缓慢,塑料污染物的积累不可避免地成为人们关注的问题。尺寸微小的塑料被定义为纳米塑料（NPs）。虽然NPs的尺寸尚存在争议,但与其他工程纳米颗粒类似,NPs可造成多种不利的环境影响。NPs的存在和在生物体内的积累会对生物体产生一系列毒性效应,影响生物体的生长、繁殖和内分泌系统等。因此,NPs对包括人类在内的较多生物都构成威胁。尽管NPs污染已成为最令人关注的环境问题之一,但目前有关NPs对土壤环境及生物体的毒害效应等的研究仍然较少。旨在综述NPs本身的毒害效应（包括其中的添加剂）、降解产物和与其他环境污染物（有机污染物、无机污染物）耦合后的复合毒性以及NPs对陆生生态环境,包括植物、动物以及土壤产生的综合影响,并总结本领域内的研究现状和不足。主要的研究不足包括对经过降解等过程形成的次级NPs的毒性效应尚未深入开展,NPs对真实生物体的影响研究仍具有局限性,针对环境-NPs-生物-污染物的交互耦合机制对土壤环境的毒害效应仍需进一步探究。针对这些研究不足开展相应的科研探究工作能为全面科学地评价NPs的生态风险提供理论支撑。     

COD冲击对SBR污水处理效果及污泥特性的影响

针对我国污水处理厂破坏性水质冲击频发的问题,该研究通过将 COD 浓度由 400 mg/L 逐步提至 2 400 mg/L,探究 COD 冲击对 SBR 系统污染物的处理效果及污泥特性的影响。结果表明：当 COD 浓度为 2 000 mg/L 时,SBR 工艺对COD、TN、NH₄₊-N 和 TP 的去除率分别为 98.83%、97.19%、99.33% 和 99.10%,此时系统的脱氮除磷效果最佳,且污泥沉降性能良好;当 COD 浓度达到 2 400 mg/L 时,活性污泥的脱氢酶活性(DHA)由 5.422 mg/g VSS 降至 1.412 mg/g VSS,此时多糖(PS)/蛋白质(PN)为 1.2,系统发生了污泥膨胀。     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.