Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

Non-UV based germicidal activity of metal-doped TiO2 coating on solid surfaces

A stain-based screening method was developed to screen different catalyst coatings for their germicidal activity. A Baclight dead/live bacteria viability kit （invitrogen, molecular probes） was used for staining the cell. The screening was carried out following a standard procedure. This included loading cell suspension to solid surface and maintaining contact for 30 min, then staining with a mixture containing dyes. The stained cells were observed using an epifluorescent microscope and photographed with a CCD camera under UV. Metal-doped TiO2 coatings on AI plates were prepared and tested for non-UV germicidal activity without using UV. It was tested using model microorganisms such as Bakers Yeast （Saccharomyces cerevisiae）, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli. On the basis of the germicidal activity of catalyst and the degree of damage caused to the cells, the stained cells may appear green （viable）, green with red or yellow nuclei and yellow （compromised） or red （nonviable）. According to their stained color, cells were counted to calculate the percentage of dead, live, and compromised cells. Compromised cells are cells that grow very slowly after reculturing indicating a degree of reversible cell damage. Screening the germicidal activity using this staining method is accurate and efficient, and requires less time than the culture-based method. A modification to the procedure for measuring germicidal activity of rough surfaces or fibrous coatings was developed. Both TiO2 and metal-doped TiO2 （Ag, Pt, Au, Cu） possess non-UV based germicidal activity. The germicidal activity of TiO2 was found to be related with its wetting property and can be improved by UV irradiation before testing. It is not greatly affected by contact time, indicating a fast acting germicidal activity.     

物质流指标下的工业经济解耦问题研究

随着经济的快速发展,资源约束下环境问题日益突出,生态文明建设要求社会经济系统在经济增长的同时,环境和资源日益改善以满足循环经济的发展需求。为改善经济增长与环境资源状况的耦合现状,需要分析工业经济增长与矿产资源消耗、固废及废气排放的耦合程度。本文基于低碳试点省市工业系统的化石能源、矿产资源消耗统计和CO2排放测算,确定各省市工业系统物质流输入输出指标,采用解耦权重图解法对主要指标的组成部分分别赋予权重,并结合指数时间序列分析各指标组成部分的解耦程度。结果表明,试点省市工业总产值的快速增长是以较高的碳排放为前提,并且碳排放对工业经济增长的解耦贡献逐年升高,控制碳排放的关键在于进一步优化工业能源消耗模式,提高能源利用效率,降低能源强度并适度引入清洁能源。因此应从能源消费结构优化、矿产资源利用率提升等方面积极转变发展方式,以达到碳排放、固体废弃物减排等目标,实现中国工业经济的绿色增长,保障生态文明建设的顺利进行。     

工业园区循环经济绩效评价方法研究

针对当前循环经济绩效内涵不明确,评价指标体系多局限于对循环经济发展水平等循环经济绩效评价中存在的问题,在系统归纳总结该领域研究现状基础上,明确了循环经济绩效的概念;进一步构建了基于生态效率-物质流分析的循环经济绩效评估指标体系,利用模糊数学和灰色聚类方法分别建立了循环经济绩效评估模型;最后,以上海化工园区和南通农药化学工业园为案例,对2个园区循环经济绩效进行评估。结果表明:从理论和方法上,构建的工业园区循环经济绩效评价指标体系是适用的;模糊综合评价和灰色聚类评价的结果存在一定的差异,模糊评价结果更为合理,而且该模型可以直观地表示出园区循环经济绩效的优劣势所在。进而,以上海化工园区作为标杆,针对南通农药化学工业园存在的资源效率偏低等问题,提出若干循环经济绩效改进措施。     

长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属的空间分异及控制机制

利用盐酸羟氨-25%醋酸溶液,提取了长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属含量。研究发现,长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属占总量的百分含量依次为Cu 26%,Pb 36%,Fe 7%,Mn 49%,Zn 32%,Cr 14%和Al 16%,沉积物基本未受到Cr污染,其余重金属污染程度处于中等偏下水平。除Zn、Cr外,其余活性重金属在夏季沉积物中的含量明显低于春季,其主要原因是夏季风暴潮将大量细颗粒泥沙及其富集的重金属带离潮滩进入了河口水体中。受点源污染排放及沉积物粒度影响,活性重金属在长江口南岸的浒浦、顾路和浦东机场出现峰值含量,且高潮滩含量明显高于中、低潮滩。在垂向上,重金属一般在沉积物表层或亚表层形成富集。在口门附近的滨岸潮滩沉积物中,Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受早期成岩作用的控制,在污染较为严重、水动力作用相对较弱的潮滩沉积物中,Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受沉积物中有机质含量变化的控制.     

铜陵市资源利用与经济增长关系分析

资源利用与经济增长之间的关系是资源与环境经济学研究的重要领域。以安徽省铜陵市为例,尝试运用物质流分析方法以及最新发展的自回归分布滞后模型（ARDL）对铜陵市1990~2008年资源利用和实际GDP二者关系进行检验和分析。采用了物质流分析指标中直接物质投入来表征区域资源利用量。ARDL边界检验结果表明了资源利用和经济增长间存在稳定的长期均衡关系。进一步通过ARDL-ECM模型分析了区域经济增长对资源利用长期弹性系数和短期弹性系数,并揭示出资源利用对经济增长的短期和长期因果关系。研究结果表明当前资源投入在一定程度上拉动了铜陵经济增长。同时还对铜陵经济增长和资源保护战略提出了政策建议     

本期导读

正"十三五"是中国开创未来的关键时期,是全面建成小康社会的决胜阶段。在十三五规划纲要中,低碳循环经济被明确为企业、产业、园区与社会发展的一个重要目标。循环经济是将物质生产与生活的线性模式转化为"资源—产品—废物—再生资源"的循环型发展模式,目的在于以较少的资源消耗和较低的环境成本,实现社会经济健康持续发展。可以说,发展循环经济是一场深刻的社会变革。它不仅要求社会主产     

雾霾这么浓,吃点什么好

正@陈主编我算明白了,在中国,雾霾一时半会儿是没法解决的,作为老百姓,既没有什么特殊护理的资格,又无法移居海外,也只能想点其他办法以求自保。中国人常以食物保健,那么,我们吃点什么才能清除雾霾的危害呢?听说木耳、银耳还有猪血都有清肺的功能,具体吃哪个好?读者:李先生     

厌氧序批式反应器内挥发性脂肪酸积累特性研究

小试规模的厌氧序批式反应器（ASBR）,通过人工配水,研究了启动3个月时间以及一个运行周期内反应器内挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的积累情况,并通过分析期间产甲烷活性的变化说明了控制VFA积累的重要性。经过近120 d的运行,乙酸和丙酸的最大比产甲烷活性分别提高了1.8和2.2倍,说明反应器的启动过程即是微生物群落的优化和选择的过程,ASBR的抗冲击的能力较强说明随启动的进行和种群的优化,活性污泥凝聚性能增强,对VFA的降解能力增强。     

水葫芦快速杀灭技术及其资源化利用

针对水葫芦的防治,提出快速杀灭、无害化处理及资源化利用新技术。其要点为：利用水葫芦对某些物质的敏感性特点,采用在敏感物质中加入药物传导因子制作成专用抑制水葫芦生长的抑制剂,并通过叶面喷施,可在12—24h内快速有效地杀灭水葫芦及其根系;通过及时打捞、就地发酵以及使重金属相对失效的方法进行无害化处理;利用水葫芦富含有机质和钾素的特点,作为优质有机钾肥进行资源化利用。