81项安全生产行业标准2009年元旦施行

国家安监总局近期批准了81项安全生产行业标准,自2009年1月1日起施行。这些标准涉及煤矿和非煤矿山、危化品、烟花爆竹等行业。81项标准中,涉及石油和化工行业的有《石膏矿地下开采安全技术规范》、《含硫化氢     

酚类污染物解离态与非解离态光解特性及其速率常数的预测

以氙灯为光源模拟太阳光,通过研究不同pH条件下3种酚类污染物直接光解的过程,探讨了酚类污染物的解离对其光解规律的影响,并建立了解离态与非解离态酚类污染物光解速率常数的计算方法及预测模式.结果表明,随着pH从4.0增加到9.0,五氯酚的光解速率常数随之从25.30×10-4min-1增加到82.90×10-4min-1,而对硝基酚的光解速率常数相应从11.90×10-4min-1降低到了3.18×10-4min-1.苯酚的光解趋势与对硝基酚相似,当pH从4.0增加到11.0时,其光解速率常数依次从32.50×10-4min-1降低至13.40×10-4min-1.3种酚类化合物的光解总速率常数与解离度之间均满足幂函数变化规律.任意解离度条件下的解离态和非解离态光解速率常数,可根据幂函数的切线方程来确定.解离对酚类物质降解规律的影响主要是通过氧负离子的形成,改变苯环以及其他取代基团的活性而造成的.该研究结果为进一步了解天然水环境中酚类污染物的环境行为提供了理论参考.     

pH对Cd~(2+)离子在δ-MnO_2上的吸附与解吸的影响

研究了pH值对δ-MnO2对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附作用的影响,当pH<2.3时,吸附率仅为20%,pH>5时Cd2+的吸附率在96%以上;吸附过程为非特性吸附,可以用Elovich方程和双速率方程来描述。吸附后δ-MnO2在pH<2.05时可以有效的解吸,解吸率约为75%。     

规范无人驾驶实现“无人则安”

本文基于对国内外露天矿山开采无人驾驶技术发展的趋势的分析,系统解析露天矿山无人驾驶运输项目的必要性。对煤矿、非煤矿山露天矿山无人驾驶安全运行以及安全运行标准体系建设提出建议,促进露天矿山智能化开采,实现矿山运输本质安全。     

非概率响应面法在起落架结构安全性评估中的应用

由于起落架结构的安全性分析参数多为区间变量,随机分布较难获得,采用传统的概率分析方法受到一定的制约.基于此,针对起落架运营事件的严重度分析,提出了基于区间理论的起落架结构非概率可靠性方法,在只知道不确定参量的界限而不知其分布情况的条件下,即可求得结构的可靠度.以非概率可靠性理论为基础,结合响应面法建立结构的非概率模型,并通过改进的解析方法求解非概率可靠性指标.以某型飞机起落架结构为研究对象,对起落架结构进行数值分析获取建立非概率模型所需的数据样本,进而进行结构的安全性评估.算例分析表明,非概率可靠性方法能够有效评估起落架结构的安全状态,可为飞机结构的运营安全性分析提供参考.     

常态化疫情防控背景下区域应急医疗物资选址-分配模型*

在常态化疫情防控背景下,为避免本土病例造成区域不同需求主体防护物资短缺问题,构建最小化医院物资集散点需求未满足率加权和、最大化物资购买集中点分配公平性的储备库选址-分配模型,并基于某市相关数据,利用改进的非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）进行仿真研究。结果表明:某市应选择储备库数目为5,在物资分配时考虑物资防护等级要求,可减少医院物资集散点物资浪费,增加物资购买集中点获得量。     

事故经济损失计算方法的比较分析

本论文分析了我国对事故经济损失计算的比较有代表性的三种方法:事故经济损失的理论计算方法、事故经济损失构成计算方法述评和事故损失性安全成本的计算方法,通过对三种计算方法的比较分析,认为直接损失和间接损失都包含着可确认、可计算的准确的损失,又包括不好计算的隐含损失,所以计算直间比不科学,意义不大.而事故损失性安全成本法把事故损失分为可确认经济损失和隐含经济损失,可确认经济损失包括那些可确认、可计算的准确的损失,隐含经济损失包括不好计算的隐含损失,因此确认-隐含系数比,比直间比系数更有意义.提出事故损失性安全成本法的计算更容易、可控、科学和实用.因而认为我国应该统一采用事故损失性安全成本法计算事故损失.     

Emissions of C2 – C12 hydrocarbons in the Hsuehshan tunnel, Taiwan

The concentrations of 56 hydrocarbons from C2 to C12 were measured simultaneously in the southbound bore, the northbound bore and the exhaust air shafts of the Hsuehshan tunnel near Yilan, Taiwan for 12 days during 2007 and 2008. A total of 60 integrated air samples were collected using stainless steel canisters and analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The five most abundant species in all samples were ethylene, acetylene, isopentane, propylene and toluene. The exit/entrance ratios of total non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) concentration were 7.8 and 4.8 for the southbound and northbound bores, respectively. Furthermore, the exhaust from the vertical shafts affects air quality in the neighborhood. The most abundant species of emission rate (ER) was toluene (21.93–42.89 mg/sec), followed by isopentane, ethylene, propylene and 1-butene, with ER ranging from 2.50 to 9.31 mg/sec. The species in the three exhaust air shafts showed that the reactivities of these emissions are similar to those of vehicle emissions. Notably, the control of emissions in the vertical shafts of the vehicle tunnel will be important in the future.     

Multivariate analysis of surface water quality in the Three Gorges area of China and implications for water management

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster analysis, non-parametric tests, and factor analysis were applied to analyze a water quality dataset including 13 parameters at 37 sites of the Three Gorges area, China, from 2003–2008 to investigate spatio-temporal variations and identify potential pollution sources. Using cluster analysis, the twelve months of the year were classified into three periods of lowflow (LF), normal-flow (NF), and high-flow (HF); and the 37 monitoring sites were divided into low pollution (LP), moderate pollution (MP), and high pollution (HP). Dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) were identified as significant variables affecting temporal and spatial variations by non-parametric tests. Factor analysis identified that the major pollutants in the HP region were organic matters and nutrients during NF, heavy metals during LF, and petroleum during HF. In the MP region, the identified pollutants primarily included organic matter and heavy metals year-around, while in the LP region, organic pollution was significant during both NF and HF, and nutrient and heavy metal levels were high during both LF and HF. The main sources of pollution came from domestic wastewater and agricultural activities and runoff; however, they contributed differently to each region in regards to pollution levels. For the HP region, inputs from wastewater treatment plants were significant; but for MP and LP regions, water pollution was more likely from the combined effects of agriculture, domestic wastewater, and chemical industry. These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges area.     

地下水LNAPL层的原位曝气模拟研究

曝气法(Air sparging,AS)已经成为修复地下水、土壤有机污染的重要技术,与数值模拟技术相结合可优化修复条件。文章利用TMVOC多相流模型研究了地下水位处LNAPL层的迁移转化,并通过情景模拟比较曝气法对污染修复的贡献率。只考虑地下水水流的对流-弥散作用时,目标污染物苯并没有得到彻底去除,只是通过下边界流出。60 d苯的质量损失率仅为1.79%;而连续曝气30 d后苯的去除率就可达到31.4%,最终脉冲曝气苯的损失率为44.8%。增大曝气量能提高气相渗透率及气相-液相接触面积,扩大污染物修复范围;当超过某一值(12 m3/h),其增量对污染物修复影响甚微。当曝气点位于低渗透岩层下方时,低渗透岩层会阻碍气流的垂向迁移,位于低渗透岩层上方的污染物很难得到除去。曝气法适用于溶解、挥发性较好的污染物。