深切悼念刘东生先生

中国"黄土之父"、著名地质学家、环境学家、中国科学院资深院士--刘东生先生因病医治无效,于2008年3月6日11时52分在北京逝世,享年91岁.     

南京和九江两地黄土母质发育的土壤性质比较

本文对南京和九江两地黄土母质发育的土壤性质作了较系统的分析研究,并进行了比较,发现这些土壤的属性存在较大的差别,因而这些土壤不宜归属于同一土壤类型。按《中国土壤系统分类》(首次方案),它们应分别归属于铁硅铝土纲、湿润铁硅铝土亚纲中的黄棕壤土类和棕红壤土类。     

碳酸盐对铜离子在黄土中吸持及形态影响的实验研究

选用黄土和重金属Cu为研究对象，通过等温吸持实验和Tessier形态提取实验，研究了碳酸盐对铜离子在黄土中吸持及形态的影响。结果表明：黄土去除碳酸盐后，其吸持铜离子的量大幅度降低；碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机质结合态铜含量明显降低，而可交换态铜含量显著增加。     

黄土丘陵区降雨、径流、土壤水分的时空分布与利用对策

基于黄土丘陵区的延安燕沟多年监测资料，通过对燕沟流域的降雨、径流、及其不同土地利用方式下土壤水分等时空分布特征分析，明确了黄土丘陵区降雨的时间、空间分布具有显著差异性。降雨量在6～9月相对集中，年际、月际变异大；同时次降雨量、月降雨量均存在显著空间异质性，如降雨量沿燕沟沟道变化及坡向分异。径流特征是降雨及其下垫面特征的综合反映，3月左右由于气温上升，河道解冻，径流量出现小高峰，雨季后2个月出现最大高峰水量。对径流的利用则由于供水／需水时间错位，利用主要集中在枯水季节（4-6月），土壤水资源由于地形、降雨、植被覆盖等的差异性，特别是植被差异性利用，则存在时空异质性。土壤水分在雨季后1-2月在0～150cm形成高值期，150cm以下的土壤恢复缓慢。植被差异利用形成了土壤水分剖面不同：梯田〉草地〉拧条林〉拧条＋五角枫林〉沙棘林〉刺槐林。根据对水资源系统分析，提出了流域水资源开发利用的对策：农作物适雨种植制度；植被空间合理布局；降雨、土壤水、径流三水联合御旱，提高水资源利用效率。     

北京斋堂黄土剖面主要温室气体组分初步研究

全球碳循环研究表明．在北半球中纬度地带可能存在一个陆地生志汇（植被和土壤）。中国黄土分布在北半球中纬度，在CO2未知汇的研究中很可能具有重要作用。通过自制钻机对北京斋堂黄土剖面（L2上部～L1）进行了不同层位（深度）的垂直或水平打钻，利用毛细管负压原理采集到游离气体并进行了主要温室气体CP2、CH4、N2O的浓度和CO2的碳、氧同位素组成分析。此外，还分析了土样的碳酸盐含量及其碳、氧同位素组成。初步研究结果表明，黄土剖面中主要温室气体浓度远比大气中高：CO2浓度为1434．4×10－6～2458．6×10－6，是大气中的3．8～6．5倍；N2O浓度为472．2×10－9～763．9×10－9，是大气中的1．3～2．1倍；CH4浓度在剖面上部与大气中相似，但在下部为13．1×10－6～24．8×10-6，为大气中的5．4～10．2倍。斋堂黄土剖面中的破酸盐含量为1．55％～9．75％，CO2浓度与碳酸盐含量成正比关系。尽管黄土－古土壤序列富含碳酸盐，但需进一步开展黄土中的CO2浓度及碳同位素工作，以便了解黄土中CO2在全球碳循环中的地位和作用。     

黄土塬区旱作冬小麦增产潜力研究

在长期冬小麦潜势试验和肥料试验的基础上 ,建立了作物光温水肥产量模型 ,从光温生产潜力、旱作产量潜势、现阶段施肥水平下光温水肥产量潜力和目前试区产量现状共4个层次 ,对黄土塬区旱作冬小麦的增产潜力进行了分析。结果指出 ,目前黄土塬区冬小麦实际产量仅达到了光温潜力的41 6 %、旱作产量潜势的49 3 %、试区施肥水平下光温水肥产量潜力的78 6 %。因此 ,采用合理施肥方式和加强田间管理 ,黄土高原塬区旱作冬小麦还有较大的增产潜力。     

3H和99Tc在黄土中的迁移特性比较

3H和99Tc是低中放废物处置中2个重要的核素,在处置场的安全评价中十分重要.由于介质对3H和99Tc的吸附较弱,常忽略其滞留性,并用3H标定地下水的流速.野外实验表明:在包气带中,黄土对99Tc的吸附大于3H;在含水层中,黄土对3H迁移的影响大于99Tc.本文根据实验数据,采用非平衡吸附模式NESOR程序分别模拟了3H和99Tc在黄土包气带和含水层中的迁移过程.模拟结果表明:99Tc在黄土包气带中的分配系数范围为0.05～0.055mL/g;3H在黄土含水层中分配系数为0.116mL/g,该参数是黄土对3H和99Tc综合影响的结果,其滞留机理尚待研究.     

3H在黄土中迁移的滞后特征

为证实3H在介质中的吸附,进行了饱和条件下的3H和Br-、3H和99Tc与非饱和条件下的3H和131I的溶质迁移野外现场实验和室内模拟实验.结果表明,3H的迁移速度滞后于Br-、99Tc和131I.模拟结果表明,3H在饱和黄土中迁移的延迟因子约为1.95～2.05,相当于在地下水中迁移的速度比地下水流速慢了50%.影响3H迁移滞后的因素主要有土壤黏土矿物的吸附,土壤中不流动水的存在及土壤的理化性质.该结果对用3H对地下水定年和测速的精度提出了质疑,也为中、低和极低放射性废物处置场中处置3H废物的安全评价提供依据.     

Optimizing sludge dewatering with a combined conditioner of Fenton's reagent and cationic surfactant

Enhancing sludge dewatering is of importance in reducing environmental burden and disposal costs. In this work, a cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), was combined with Fenton's reagent for sludge dewatering. Results show that the Fenton-CTAB conditioning significantly promotes the sludge dewatering. Using combined techniques of response surface methodology and uniform design, dosages of Fe²⁺, H₂O₂, and CTAB for water content response were optimized to be 89, 276, and 233?mg/g dry solids (DS), respectively. The water content of sludge decreased from 79.0% to 66.8% under the optimal conditions. Compared with cationic polyacrylamide, the Fenton-CTAB system exhibited superior sludge dewatering performance. To gain insights into the mechanisms involved in sludge dewatering, the effects of Fenton-CTAB conditioning on the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the morphology of the sludge flocs were investigated. The decomposition of EPS into some dissolved organics and the release of proteins in tightly bound EPS facilitated the conversion of bound water to free water and further reduced the water content of sludge cake. After conditioning, morphology of sludge showed aggregation. Overall, the enhanced sludge dewatering by Fenton-CTAB treatment provides an efficient way for management of sewage sludge.     

Size distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh combustion smoke and ambient air: A review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and they mostly stem from the imperfect combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels. PAHs are inherently associated with homogenous fine particles or distributed to different-sized particles during the aging of air masses. PAHs carried by fine particles undergo a long-range transport to remote areas while those adsorbed on coarse particles have a shorter lifetime in ambient air. More importantly, PAHs with higher molecular weights tend to be bound with finer particles and can deeply enter the lungs, posing severe health risks to humans. Thus, the environmental fate and health effects of particulate PAHs are strongly size-dependent. This review summarizes the size distributions of particulate PAHs freshly emitted from combustion sources as well as the distribution patterns of PAHs in ambient particles. It was found that PAHs from stationary sources are primarily bound to fine particles, which are slightly larger than particles to which PAHs from mobile sources are bound. In ambient air, particulate PAHs are distributed in larger size modes than those in the combustion fume, and the particle size decreases with PAH molecular weight increasing. The relevant mechanisms and influencing factors of particle size distribution changes are illustrated in this article, which are essentially attributed to combustion and ambient temperature as well as the physical and chemical properties of PAHs. Overall, the study on the particle size distribution of PAHs will contribute for a full understanding of the origin, atmospheric behaviors and health effects of particulate PAHs.