Application of AERMOD on near future air quality simulation under the latest national emission control policy of China：A case study on an industrial city

Air quality model can be an adequate tool for future air quality prediction, also atmospheric observations supporting and emission control strategies responders. The influence of emission control policy (emission reduction targets in the national "China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015)") on the air quality in the near future over an important industrial city of China, Xuanwei in Yunnan Province, was studied by applying the AERMOD modeling system. First, our analysis demonstrated that the AERMOD modeling system could be used in the air quality simulation in the near future for SO2 and NOx under average meteorology but not for PM10. Second, after evaluating the simulation results in 2008 and 2015, ambient concentration of SO2, NOx and PM10 (only 2008) were all centered in the middle of simulation area where the emission sources concentrated, and it is probably because the air pollutions were source oriented. Last but not least, a better air quality condition will happen under the hypothesis that the average meteorological data can be used in near future simulation. However, there are still heavy polluted areas where ambient concentrations will exceed the air quality standard in near future. In spatial allocation, reduction effect of SO2 is more significant than NOx in 2015 as the contribution of SO2 from industry is more than NOx. These results inspired the regulatory applications of AERMOD modeling system in evaluating environmental pollutant control policy     

海原特大地震诱发滑坡灾害的研究现状

在介绍海原特大地震概况和诱发地震地质灾害的基础上,系统地总结了不同的学者在地震滑坡的发育特点与分布特征、黄土地震滑坡的形成机理、场地条件、黄土边坡动力稳定性和黄土动力学特性等方面的研究成果,评述了这些成果对促进黄土地震滑坡灾害研究的作用和贡献。在此基础上,结合当前我国经济建设发展的需求和理论研究的热点,提出了今后在这一领域需要进一步研究和关注的有关问题和研究方向。     

我国西北黄土对阿特拉津的吸附行为及影响因素

为了探讨ATZ(阿特拉津)在黄土中的吸附/解吸行为及主要影响因素,以我国西北黄土为供试土样,采用批量试验法研究了黄土对ATZ的吸附动力学和热力学行为特征. 结果表明:黄土对ATZ的吸附动力学过程更符合准二级动力学模型,吸附热力学过程更符合线性分配的Henry吸附模型(R2>0.90),吸附过程中ΔGθ(吉布斯自由能)及ΔHθ(焓变)均小于0、ΔSθ(熵变)大于0,25～45 ℃温度范围内E(吸附平均自由能)为0.86～1.30 kJ/mol,表明黄土对ATZ的吸附过程以物理吸附为主,属于自发放热过程且导致吸附体系混乱度增加. 黄土对ATZ的吸附影响因素分析结果显示,随着系统温度的升高,ATZ在黄土中的饱和吸附量下降;pH在2～10范围内变化时,ATZ在黄土中的饱和吸附量随pH的增加呈明显降低趋势;初始ρ(ATZ)从2.5 mg/L增至10.0 mg/L时,黄土对ATZ的饱和吸附量也相应地从0.082 5 mg/g增至0.621 0 mg/g. 结果显示,ATZ在黄土中的吸附速率受内部扩散、表面吸附和液膜扩散的共同影响,并且吸附过程主要受到土壤有机质疏水性分配作用的影响.      

Activity and hydrothermal stability of CeO2–ZrO2–WO3 for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3

A series of CeO_2–ZrO_2–WO_3(CZW)catalysts prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method showed excellent catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO with NH_3 over a wide temperature of 150–550°C.The effect of hydrothermal treatment of CZW catalysts on SCR activity was investigated in the presence of 10% H_2O.The fresh catalyst showed above 90% NO_x conversion at 201–459°C,which is applicable to diesel exhaust NO_x purification(200–440°C).The SCR activity results indicated that hydrothermal aging decreased the SCR activity of CZW at low temperatures(below 300°C),while the activity was notably enhanced at high temperature(above 450°C).The aged CZW catalyst(hydrothermal aging at 700°C for 8 hr)showed almost 80% NO_x conversion at 229–550°C,while the V_2O_5–WO_3/TiO_2 catalyst presented above 80% NO_x conversion at 308–370°C.The effect of structural changes,acidity,and redox properties of CZW on the SCR activity was investigated.The results indicated that the excellent hydrothermal stability of CZW was mainly due to the CeO_2–ZrO_2 solid solution,amorphous WO_3 phase and optimal acidity.In addition,the formation of WO_3 clusters increased in size as the hydrothermal aging temperature increased,resulting in the collapse of structure,which could further affect the acidity and redox properties.     

基于ISM和模糊故障树的铁路黄土隧道塌方风险分析

研究如何对铁路黄土隧道塌方风险事故进行管理控制,先从地质因素、施工方法因素、监控量测因素和施工管理因素分析了黄土隧道塌方事故的成因。接着依据铁路行业隧道风险评估指南矿山法隧道施工风险因素列表,识别影响兰渝铁路某黄土隧道项目塌方的18项主要风险因素。然后运用系统工程解释结构模型方法(ISM)分析项目各风险因素间的相互关系,得出影响该隧道项目塌方的直接原因为施工扰动过大、支护不及时、拱脚悬空时间过长和信息反馈处理不及时。底层原因则为开挖方式、特殊地质条件。在上述基础上建立项目塌方事件模糊故障树模型,进行模糊定量分析,得到项目塌方事件发生的模糊概率和关键风险因素的模糊重要度。结果表明,实例黄土隧道项目塌方事故风险概率很大,地质因素、开挖方法等对塌方事故影响最大。解释结构模型方法能揭示各风险要素间的不确定性因果关系,有利于把握事故发生机理,模糊数能客观地描述风险事件的发生概率,增强故障树诊断方法的可靠性。     

黄土水敏性及水致黄土滑坡研究现状与展望

黄土是具有"水敏性"的特殊土,水是诱发黄土滑坡最积极的因素,黄土水敏性的力学机制及致滑机理已成为黄土地区生态文明建设中迫切需要解决的重大基础问题。本文在搜集大量文献的基础上,将黄土水敏性及水致黄土滑坡研究现状按照黄土水敏性、考虑优势通道的黄土斜坡水分运移规律和刻画方法、水致黄土滑坡失稳力学机制、基于水的黄土滑坡防控关键技术共四方面内容加以总结归纳。建议明确黄土水敏性的概念和内容,以黄土水敏性力学本质为突破口,研究建立基于吸应力理论的黄土水敏性参数和指标体系,开展考虑优势入渗的黄土斜坡稳定性有限元分析,并建立一套基于水的水致黄土滑坡风险防控关键技术体系。     

西北黄土对克百威的吸附特征

采用批量试验的方法研究了西北地区黄土对克百威的吸附动力学和热力学行为,并对相关影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:黄土对克百威吸附的最优动力学方程为准二级动力学方程;克百威在黄土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附方程;黄土吸附克百威过程中的吉布斯自由能ΔG■、焓变ΔH■及熵变ΔS■都小于0,表明黄土对克百威的吸附为自发进行的放热过程,并且吸附过程中体系混乱度减小,黄土吸附克百威的主要作用力为氢键力;pH值为4~10时,随pH值增大克百威的吸附容量减小,且pH值为4~8时减小趋势较平缓,p H值为8~10时减小趋势很大;随供试土样粒径减小,克百威在黄土中的吸附容量增大,当土壤粒径从0.45 mm减小到0.075 mm时,吸附容量由0.009 mg/g增加到0.049 mg/g;克百威在黄土中的吸附容量受其初始质量浓度影响很大,随克百威初始质量浓度增大,黄土对其的吸附容量相应增加,克百威初始质量浓度从20 mg/L增至110mg/L时,其在黄土中的吸附容量从0.080 mg/g增加至0.206 mg/g。     

伊犁盆地黄土分布、年代及粉尘来源分析

本文根据最新的研究资料,结合野外考察对处于西风区的伊犁黄土的分布、年代和粉尘来源进行了分析总结,并探讨了伊犁盆地黄土堆积的空间差异性。研究结果表明,伊犁黄土主要分布在山前丘陵和高阶地上,这些地貌部位堆积厚度最大,黄土沉积受地形和气候影响明显;已有的剖面年代学研究表明伊犁黄土主要形成于末次冰期,与新疆其它地区黄土开始大范围堆积的时间大体一致,但还可能有比中更新世更老的黄土存在;粒度分布和矿物表面形态特征表明伊犁黄土可能是近源物质与远源粉尘沉积作用叠加的结果,不同地区黄土在堆积过程所受到动力条件可能存在明显的差异;伊犁黄土中粘土组分可能主要来自中亚荒漠和伊犁河中、下游地区,西风带来的粉尘对伊犁盆地不同地区黄土的贡献率不同。     

广吸力范围内国道G310路基黄土水力力学特性试验研究*

为探讨广吸力范围内国道G310路基黄土水力力学特性,采用WP4C仪、压力板法、滤纸法和蒸汽平衡法对其开展持水特性试验,用全自动直剪仪对具有不同初始干密度和不同吸力的试样进行强度特性试验,并结合压汞试验进行微观分析。根据上述试验数据提出快速预测抗剪强度公式。试验结果表明:随着初始干密度的增加,积聚体间孔隙体积发生收缩,积聚体内孔隙占主要作用。广吸力范围内试样的土水特征曲线随着初始干密度增大而向右上方偏移,而孔隙比随吸力的增加基本不变。抗剪强度随着初始干密度增大而增大,且随着吸力增加而增加。应力-应变曲线低吸力范围呈应变硬化现象,高吸力范围呈应变软化现象。利用Khalili & Khabbaz模型预测的抗剪强度值与实测值非常接近,因此该模型可用于预测广吸力范围内非饱和黄土的抗剪强度。     

Multi-objective Programming and Social Welfare Analysis of Rural–urban Land Conversion Decision-making

Rural–urban land conversion is an inevitable phenome non in urbanization and industrialization. And the decision-making issue about this conversion is multiobjective because the socia decision maker (the whole of central government and local author ity) has to integrate the requirements of different interest groups (rural collective economic organizations, peasants, urban land us ers and the ones affected indirectly) and harmonize the sub-objects (economic, social and ecological outcomes) of this land alloc...