黄土丘陵区典型植被枯落物坡面分布及混入土壤对土壤性状的影响

黄土丘陵区植被的恢复可能影响枯落物分布特征,进而对土壤性状产生影响。论文选取刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）人工林、柠条（Caragana intermedia）人工林、铁杆蒿（Artemisia gmelini）群落和白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）群落4种典型植被样地,研究其枯落物坡面（坡长40~80 m）分布特征及自然条件混入土壤中对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明：1）4种典型植被样地地表枯落物蓄积量（143.89~833.04 g/m²）、盖度（0.36~0.63）和厚度（0.77~2.03 cm）均表现为刺槐人工林>柠条人工林>铁杆蒿群落>白羊草群落;土壤中枯落物混入量（178.80~657.21 g/m²）和混入深度（1.33~2.29 cm）均表现为刺槐人工林>铁杆蒿群落>柠条人工林>白羊草群落;土壤中枯落物混入量占枯落物总蓄积量的比例（45.91%~74.02%）表现为铁杆蒿群落>柠条人工林>白羊草群落>刺槐人工林。2）4种典型植被样地地表枯落物蓄积量和土壤中枯落物混入量均为坡下高于坡上,受径流冲刷和泥沙分离—输移—沉积过程的影响,枯落物地表蓄积量和土壤混入量在坡中波动较大;随枯落物地表盖度的增加,地表枯落物蓄积量呈指数函数增加（P<0.01）,且随地表枯落物蓄积量的增加,土壤中枯落物混入量呈对数函数增加（P<0.01）。3）土壤容重、粘结力和水稳性团聚体几何平均直径（WAS-GMD）随土壤中枯落物混入量的增大而线性降低（P<0.01）,土壤有机碳和全氮含量在铁杆蒿群落和白羊草群落中均随土壤中枯落物混入量的增大而线性增加（P<0.05）。该研究将为评价黄土高原退耕还林还（草）工程生态成效、修正土壤侵蚀预报模型提供重要依据。     

Algal removal from cyanobacteria-rich waters by preoxidation-assisted coagulation–flotation: Effect of algogenic organic matter release on algal removal and trihalomethane formation

The cyanobacteria-bloom in raw waters frequently causes an unpredictable chemical dosing of preoxidation and coagulation for an effective removal of algal cells in water treatment plants. This study investigated the effects of preoxidation with NaOCl and ClO_2 on the coagulation-flotation effectiveness in the removal of two commonly blooming cyanobacteria species, Microcystis aeruginosa(MA) and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii(CR), and their corresponding trihalomethane(THM) formation potential. The results showed that dual dosing with NaOCl plus ClO_2 was more effective in enhancing the deformation of cyanobacterial cells compared to single dosing with Na OCl, especially for CR-rich water.Both preoxidation approaches for CR-rich water effectively reduced the CR cell count with less remained dissolved organic carbon(DOC), which benefited subsequent coagulation–flotation. However, preoxidation led to an adverse release of algogenic organic matter(AOM) in the case of MA-rich water. The release of AOM resulted in a poor removal in MA cells and a large amount of THM formation after oxidation-assisted coagulation-flotation process. The reduction in THM formation potential of CR-rich waters is responsible for effective algae and DOC removal by alum coagulation. It is concluded that the species-specific characteristic of cyanobacteria and their AOM released during chlorination significantly influences the performance of coagulation–flotation for AOM removal and corresponding THM formation.     

Analysis of air quality characteristics of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and its surrounding air pollution transport channel cities in China

Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH) and its surrounding areas are very important to air pollution control in China.To analyze the characteristics of BTH and its surrounding areas of China,we collected 5,641,440 air quality data from 161 air monitoring stations and 37,123,000 continuous monitoring data from air polluting enterprises in BTH and surrounding cities to establish an indicator system for urban air quality portraits.The results showed that particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 μm(PM_(2.5)),particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of 10 μm(PM_(10)) and SO_2 improved significantly in 31 cities from2015 to 2018,but ozone deteriorated.Air quality in BTH and the surrounding areas showed obvious seasonal characteristics,among which PM_(2.5),PM_(10),SO_2,and NO_2 showed a "U" type distribution from January to December,while O_3 had an "inverted U" distribution.The hourly changes in air quality revealed that peaks of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and NO_2 appeared from 8:00 to 10:00,while those for O_3 appeared at 15:00–16:00.The exposure characteristics of the 31 cities showed that six districts in Beijing had the highest air quality population exposure,and that exposure levels in Zhengzhou,Puyang,Anyang,Jincheng were higher than the average of the 31 investigated cities.Additionally,multiple linear regression revealed a negative correlation between meteorological factors(especially wind and precipitation) and air quality,while a positive correlation existed between industrial pollution emissions and air quality in most of BTH and its surrounding cities.     

N-Nitrosamine formation from chloramination of two common ionic liquids

Ionic liquids(ILs) are a class of solvents increasingly used as "green chemicals." Widespread applications of ILs have led to concerns about their accidental entry to the environment.ILs have been assessed for some environmental impacts;however,little has been done to characterize their potential impacts on drinking water if ILs accidentally enter surface water.IL cations are often aromatic or alkyl quaternary amines that resemble structures of previously confirmed N-nitrosamine(NA) precursors.Therefore,this study has evaluated two common ILs,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide(EMIm Br) and 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide(EMPyr Br),for their NA formation potential.Each IL species was reacted with pre-formed monochloramine under various laboratory conditions.The reaction mixtures were extracted using liquid–liquid extraction and analyzed for NAs using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.At low concentration of IL(250 μmol/L),the yields of NAs(NMEA or NPyr) increased with increasing doses of monochloramine from both IL species.The total NA yield was as high as 2.5 ± 0.3 ng/mg from EMIm Br,and as high as 8.6 ± 0.8 ng/mg from EMPyr Br.At high concentration of IL(5 mmol/L),the NA yield reached a maximum at 2.5 mmol/L NH_2Cl,and then decreased with subsequent increases in the reactant concentrations,demonstrating ILs' solvent effects.This study re-emphasizes the importance of preventing discharge of ILs to water bodies to prevent secondary impacts on drinking water.     

Preparation of metal-doped Cu–Mn/HTS-1 catalysts and their mechanisms in efficient degradation of toluene

In order to study their synergistic catalytic effects in toluene degradation, CuMn_2O_4/HTS-1(HTS-1 was a titanium silicon molecular sieve), Cu_(0.7)Mn_2Y_(0.3)O_x/HTS-1 and Cu_(0.7)Mn_2Ce_(0.3)O_x/HTS-1 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method.The textural properties, redox properties and acidity of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometer(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), H_2 temperature-programmed reduction(H_2-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),frustrated total internal reflection(FT-IR), ammonium temperature-programmed desorption(NH_3-TPD) and pyridine adsorption internal reflection(Py-IR) measurements.The potential roles of Lewis acid sites(activating dioxygen) were discussed, and the experimental results indicated that the most efficient route for toluene degradation over Cu_(0.7)Mn_2Ce_(0.3)O_x/HTS-1(toluene conversion rate of 90%(T99) = 295℃) was ascribed to regulation of the synergistic effects of redox properties(activating molecular toluene) and Lewis acid sites(activating dioxygen).The Mars–Van–Krevelen(MVK) model was adopted to describe the reaction process of toluene oxidation, which gave an in-depth view into the toluene degradation over CuMn_2O_4/HTS-1, Cu_(0.7)Mn_2Y_(0.3)O_x/HTS-1 and Cu_(0.7)Mn_2Ce_(0.3)O_x/HTS-1.In addition, the synergistic effects between redox properties and Lewis acid sites were studied in detail.     

陕西省黄土崩塌陷患区宅基地选址方案研究

在对黄土崩塌所造成的伤亡、损失及灾害成因的调查的基础上,结合对黄土形地貌、颗粒结构、岩土特殊和力学物特性的研究分析,提出了在黄土高原区内黄土崩塌隐患区居民宪基选址应注意的问题,变被动防灾为主动预防,这对地外黄土高原区山西、陕西、甘肃等省的居民宪基选址具有重要的指导意义和参考价值。     

一种黄土滑坡滑距预测模型

针对目前黄土滑坡研究现状，本文提出了一种黄土滑坡滑距预测的新模型－模型信息优化处理模型。通过陕西榆林地区5个黄土滑坡的非母体验证，并经与其他预测方法所得的结果相比较，证明该模型精度较高，可用于黄土高原地区的防灾减灾工作。     

黄土坡顶裂缝成因及演化过程分析

黄土坡顶裂缝是黄土滑坡的重要诱因,探究其成因机理及演化过程对指导黄土区防灾减灾具有重要意义。在地质勘测和力学分析的基础上,提出了"五阶段"黄土坡顶裂缝的发育过程,即龟裂→发展→拉张→贯通→成型,认为黄土坡顶裂缝的发育成型是动态发展的过程,是外界蒸发、入渗,坡体内部水土相互制约、古土壤层"堵渗"、"阻裂"等多因素共同作用下的混合成因。干燥蒸发引起的地表龟裂是裂缝起始孕育阶段,此后地表蒸发和地表水入渗则极大地促进了裂缝的发展,这个过程是裂缝发育的龟裂阶段;不均匀的干燥收缩使裂缝尖端同时受拉张、剪切共同破坏作用,这个过程是裂缝发育的发展阶段;前期次滑坡,拉张坡顶裂缝的同时,使坡内原生结构面张开,这个过程是裂缝发育的拉张阶段;坡顶裂缝汇水有优先向坡内环状裂缝渗流的趋势,贯通后裂缝深度大为增加,这个过程是裂缝发育的贯通阶段;古土壤高强度、低渗透性的特征具有"阻渗"、"阻裂"效果,制约了裂缝的发展,这个过程是裂缝发育的成型阶段。最后,以陕西泾阳南塬庙店西村黄土滑坡为例,实证了上述裂缝发育阶段。     

水头饱和与反压饱和相结合的滑坡黄土物理力学特性研究

黄土地区滑坡等地质灾害频发,黄土的物理力学特性研究对黄土地区地质灾害的防治具有重要意义。以GDS三轴仪为试验平台,采用水头饱和与反压饱和相结合的方法对陕西蔡家坡滑坡原状马兰黄土进行饱和,然后对其进行三轴固结不排水剪切试验。试验结果表明:对初始含水率较低的原状马兰黄土,水头饱和结合反压饱和的方法可以使原状马兰黄土在较短时间、较小反压下达到较高饱和(孔压系数B=0.962);原状马兰黄土的轴向应力-应变曲线呈现为应变弱化型,表现为脆性破坏,在达到土的峰值强度前变形近似"弹性",且在较小的应变下即可达到土的峰值强度;饱和马兰黄土在剪切过程中产生正的孔隙水压力,孔隙水压力曲线先增加后保持稳定,围压越大孔隙水压力增长速率越大;饱和马兰黄土的抗剪强度参数为c=12.7kPa、φ=10.2°,c′=14.8kPa、φ′=16.2°,随着围压的增大其破坏应力随之增大,不同围岩下有效应力路径曲线的形态都近似呈直线形。