反“违章” 如何做?

<正>主持人语:"违章"行为是事故的"元凶"。尽管政府、企业屡屡采取各种措施进行治理,但"违章"现象仍然时有发生。究竟是什么让"违章"屡禁不止,是治理力度不够大?还是方法不够好?是"违章"太容易?还是"遵章"太困难?到底应该如何解决"违章"问题?本期就让我们来讨论一下如何解决"违章"问题。     

贵阳市小车河“白水”现象的初步分析

通过对小车河从阿哈水库大坝取水口至南明河入口段采集的水样进行p H值、温度及主要离子浓度测定分析,研究该段水体的水化学特征,并从溶解度方面初步分析,发现小车河"白水"现象是由于水中Ca2+浓度过高,使水体形成过饱和的Ca SO4和Ca CO3水溶液,析出大量白色Ca SO4和Ca CO3颗粒,与河水形成溶胶导致。     

密云水源水的预臭氧化及强化常规处理研究

针对北京密云水库水的水质特征,分别进行了实验室烧杯和现场中试研究.实验结果表明,预臭氧化能使原水中较大粒径颗粒数目减少,并能显著降低原水中不饱和有机物的含量;高效聚合氯化铝在颗粒物及有机物的去除上明显优于传统的聚合氯化铝和硫酸铝;预臭氧化与常规处理的联合工艺对浑浊度、有机物和大肠菌群有很高的去除率.     

Activated carbon enhanced ozonation of oxalate attributed to HO. oxidation in bulk solution and surface oxidation： Effect of activated carbon dosage and pH

Ozonation of oxalate in aqueous phase was performed with a commercial activated carbon（AC）in this work. The effect of AC dosage and solution pH on the contribution of hydroxyl radicals（HOU） in bulk solution and oxidation on the AC surface to the removal of oxalate was studied. We found that the removal of oxalate was reduced by tert-butyl alcohol（tBA） with low dosages of AC,while it was hardly affected by tBA when the AC dosage was greater than 0.3 g/L. tBA also inhibited ozone decomposition when the AC dosage was no more than 0.05 g/L, but it did not work when the AC dosage was no less than 0.1 g/L. These observations indicate that HOUin bulk solution and oxidation on the AC surface both contribute to the removal of oxalate. HOU oxidation in bulk solution is significant when the dosage of AC is low, whereas surface oxidation is dominant when the dosage of AC is high. The oxalate removal decreased with increasing pH of the solution with an AC dosage of 0.5 g/L. The degradation of oxalate occurs mainly through surface oxidation in acid and neutral solution, but through HOUoxidation in basic bulk solution. A mechanism involving both HOUoxidation in bulk solution and surface oxidation was proposed for AC enhanced ozonation of oxalate.     

哈尔滨土壤提取液中的卤代前驱物

通过连续过滤方法和实验室氯化,臭氧化实验研究了哈尔滨地区土壤提取液中天然有机物的卤代活性以及不同的形态天然有机物的差异,比较了氯化和臭氧化条件下的卤代烃生成量及处理后的7日卤代潜力,研究结果表明,在数分钟的氯化实验中,憎水有机物,腐殖酸类化合物和非腐殖酸类亲水有机物的单位有机碳卤代烃生成量分别为1.46,0.35和4.03μg/mg(C）,而7日卤代潜力则分别为6.6,57.2和40.6μg/mg(C),可见其差别不仅表现在热力学文献,而且反应在反应速率方面,在本实验条件下,臭氧化能够降低大约水样的一半卤代潜力。     

上海市郊中小河流夏季水污染特征研究

在夏季对上海郊区一典型的中、小河流河网水质进行监测,结果结果：（1）河流水体普遍有很高的氮磷和有机负荷,其CODcr、总磷、总氮等指标均数倍于《地面水环境质量标准》中规定的V类水最大允许值, 本正处于严重的富营养化状态。位于集居民区和养殖场附近河流的污染更为严重。（2）受富营养化和河流底泥污染物释放的影响,河流水质还存在分层现象,尤其是水流滞缓、水深不足2m的小河流更为明显。主要表现为：底层水氨氮,TRP（总反应态磷）和SRP（溶解反应态磷）的含量明显高于表层水;而表层水的pH和DO高于底层水;同时,由于底层水处于厌氧的环境下,NO3^-－N、NO2^-含量低于表层水。（3）由于长期受纳污水、污物,中、小河流底泥有很高的氮磷累积,凯氏氮平均达3．526（N,mg）／g;总磷平均达2052．250（P,mg）／kg。集镇居民区河流底泥总磷含量高达5813．838（P,mg）／kg;养殖场附近河流底泥凯氏氮高达5．964（N,mg）／g。底泥孔隙水中的NO3^--N、NO2^-含量很低;NH4^＋的含量是河流底层水的3－24倍;SRP的含量约是河流底层水的2－16倍。由于底泥有机污染重,耗氧量大,处于厌氧的环境,其交换态Fe^2 的含量很高。     

青岛市连续天气过程中不同气溶胶浓度特征对比分析

利用青岛市沙尘暴监测站GRIMM180颗粒物监测仪采集到的质量浓度和数浓度数据,结合2008年5月27～28日天气系统演变进行气溶胶定性分类,对海雾气溶胶、清洁气溶胶、浮尘气溶胶的浓度进行对比分析.结果表明,①清洁气溶胶、海雾气溶胶、浮尘气溶胶的总质量浓度有明显差异;②海雾气溶胶以1～2.5μm粒子的滞留最明显,清洁气溶胶中1μm的粒子贡献率最大,浮尘气溶胶则以2.5～10μm的颗粒物级数增加最具代表性,不同气溶胶相应大小粒子的质量浓度贡献率之比明显不同;③降水系统对0.6μm较大的粒子有明显的清除作用,对0.6μm的数浓度有增大作用;④1μm尤其是0.6μm的粒子处于天气系统前部到达潮湿空气时有特殊的活化现象;⑤不同粒径尺度的粒子数浓度随气溶胶性质的转变呈现不同的模态.     

The progress of catalytic technologies in water purification： A review

Catalytic technologies have been paid increasing attention in refractory pollutants abatement due to its practical and potential valuesin water purification. As e ective and e cient approaches for water purification, Fenton’s reagent, ozonation, electrochemical andphotocatalytic methods have been widely studied and applied in di erent aspects and have been reviewed by several articles. In recentyears, some novel catalytic processes based on above processes have been developed for enhancing the e ciency of removing theorganics from water. This review emphasized on the recent development of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation, electrocatalysis inrespect of novel electrodes and electro-Fenton method, photoelectrocatalysis process and photoelectron-Fenton in water purification. Itwas also an attempt to propose general ideas about mechanism and principle enhancing the catalytic e ciency for the degradation andthe mineralization of organics in water.     

催化臭氧氧化染料溶液的研究

采用催化臭氧化技术降解染料废水,以甲基紫溶液为目标污染物,研究了过渡型金属离子的类型,Fe2+的浓度,溶液初始pH值,染料浓度和正丁醇等因素对其降解率的影响。实验结果表明:臭氧氧化甲基紫溶液的过程中,加入一定浓度的过渡型金属离子对甲基紫的去除具有促进作用;当臭氧浓度为16 mg/L,一定浓度范围内,Fe2+催化臭氧化的效果随着浓度的增加而增加,但Fe2+浓度为13 mg/L时,甲基紫的降解率下降;在酸性范围时,pH值增大其降解率会减小;染料浓度增加,甲基紫的降解率减小,但是其绝对降解值会增加;正丁醇的加入抑制氧化反应的进行,甲基紫的降解率下降,说明催化臭氧化过程中有羟基自由基产生。染料降解过程符合一级反应动力学规律。     

搅拌棒萃取-热脱附/气质联用法测定水中2-MIB和土臭素

采用搅拌棒萃取-热脱附/气质联用法测定水中2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素,优化了搅拌棒萃取和热脱附进样的条件。试验表明：两种目标化合物在1．00 ng/L～200 ng/L范围内线性良好,2-甲基异莰醇的相关系数为0．9993,土臭素的相关系数为0．9997,方法检出限分别为0．31 ng/L和0．15 ng/L;空白和实际样品的加标回收率为82．4％～116％,测定结果的RSD＜10％。