Evaluation of Dynamically Dimensioned Search Algorithm for Optimizing SWAT by Altering Sampling Distributions and Searching Range

The primary advantage of Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS) algorithm is that it outperforms other optimization techniques in both convergence speed and searching ability for parameter sets that satisfy statistical guidelines while requiring only one algorithm parameter (perturbation factor) in the optimization process. Conventionally, a default value of 0.2 is used as the perturbation factor, where a normal distribution is applied with mean sampling distribution of zero and variance of one. However, the perturbation factor sensitivity to the performance of DDS for watershed modeling is still unknown. The fixed‐form sampling distribution may result in finding parameters at the local scale rather than global in the sampling space. In this study, the efficiency of DDS was evaluated by altering the perturbation factor (from 0.05 to 1.00) and the selection of sampling distribution (normal and uniform) on hydrologic and water quality predictions in a lowland agricultural watershed in Texas, United States. Results show that the use of altered perturbation factor may cause variations in convergence speed or the ability to find better solutions. In addition, DDS results were found to be very sensitive to sampling distribution selections, where DDS‐N (normal distribution) outperformed DDS‐U (uniform distribution) in all case scenarios. The choice of sampling distributions could be the potential major factor to be attributed for the performance of auto‐calibration techniques for watershed simulation models.     

“象牙塔”精神与大学“社会化”之辩证融合

通过分析＂象牙塔＂精神和大学＂社会化＂的科学内涵,揭示了二者的合理性共生关系。要使＂象牙塔＂精神和大学＂社会化＂辩证融合,促进大学在实践中既崇尚学术又适应社会,应该走倡扬、培育＂象牙塔＂精神并让大学承担起应有的社会责任的路径。     

后重建时代汶川大地震极重灾区发展重建策略探析

＂汶川大地震＂震后灾区恢复重建工作已经全面完成,公共基础设施建设得到极大发展,为灾区经济腾飞奠定了坚实的基础。＂十二五＂期间,灾区进入了发展重建阶段,灾区经济面临着从恢复向发展的转变、从投资拉动向市场机制回归的转变。但是,灾区物质建设的高起点对当地经济发展提出了更高的要求,要克服未来经济发展面临的种种困难,必须理顺工作思路,按照减少贫困,提高经济水平,增强自我发展能力的长期目标,积极进行产业结构调整和优化,大力发展现代山区农业和旅游产业,形成以农业发展为基础,旅游产业为核心,带动实现工业结构多元化,将灾区建成社会、资源、环境与产业经济协调发展的循环经济示范区。     

北京和上海居民旧衣物回收再利用体系建设初探

北京和上海在迈向国际化大都市进程中,随着人口的迅速增长,生活垃圾产生量与日俱增,垃圾减量从源头做起。旧衣物作为可回收、可再利用资源,现有的垃圾分类标准和回收箱的设置,不利于旧衣物的回收和再利用。目前,北京和上海在政府的支持和推动下,设专项开展旧衣物回收试点工作,已取得良好的效果。未来,如何使北京和上海旧衣物回收再利用成为一种常态,仍需政府的支持和全社会的共同参与。     

Application of Tabu Search Algorithm With a Coupled AnnAGNPS‐CCHE1D Model to Optimize Agricultural Land Use1

Abstract: A principal contributor to soil erosion and nonpoint source pollution, agricultural activities have a major influence on the environmental quality of a watershed. Impact of agricultural activities on the quality of water resources can be minimized by implementing suitable agriculture land‐use types. Currently, land uses are designed (location, type, and operational schedule) based on field study results, and do not involve a science‐based approach to ensure their efficiency under particular regional, climatic, geological, and economical conditions. At present, there is a real need for new methodologies that can optimize the selection, design, and operation of agricultural land uses at the watershed scale by taking into account environmental, technical, and economical considerations, based on realistic simulations of watershed response. In this respect, the present study proposes a new approach, which integrates computational modeling of watershed processes, fluvial processes in the drainage network, and modern heuristic optimization techniques to design cost effective land‐use plans. The watershed model AnnAGNPS and the channel network model CCHE1D are linked together to simulate the sediment and pollutant transport processes. Based on the computational results, a multi‐objective function is set up to minimize soil losses, nutrient yields, and total associated costs, while the production profits from agriculture are maximized. The selected iterative optimization algorithm uses adaptive Tabu Search heuristic to flip (switching from one alternative to another) land‐change variables. USDA’s Goodwin Creek experimental watershed, located in Northern Mississippi, is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. The results show that the optimized land‐use design with BMPs using an integrated approach at the watershed level can provide efficient and cost‐effective conservation of the environmental quality by taking into account both productivity and profitability.     

基于随机搜索优化XGBoost的瓦斯涌出量预测模型*

为防治瓦斯灾害,解决井下瓦斯涌出量在预测过程中因影响因素繁多带来的精度较低问题,提出1种基于套索(Lasso)回归与随机搜索优化极限梯度提升(XGBoost)的模型进行瓦斯涌出量预测。以沈阳某煤矿综采面瓦斯涌出量历史数据为例,综合考虑影响瓦斯涌出量的影响因素。首先利用Lasso回归提取对瓦斯涌出量有重要影响的特征数据,作为预测输入;采用随机搜索算法对XGBoost模型4种主要参数进行寻优,选取最优参建立预测模型获得预测指标并分析比较其他模型。研究结果表明:Lasso回归筛选出的影响因素结合随机搜索获得的最优参数组合优化XGBoost比其他模型预测精度更高,平均相对误差为1.53%,均方根误差为0.140 3 m3/min,希尔不等系数为0.013 2,研究结果可为现场瓦斯管理提供参考依据。     

内蒙古自治区环境监管能力建设“十一五”规划中期评估

本文依据《关于报送国家环境监管能力建设“十一五”规划中期评估有关情况的通知》的精神和要求,从环境监测预警体系、环境执法监督体系与环境管理基础设施与条件三个方面评估了我区环境监管能力建设在“十一五”规划实施以来的建设情况。分析得出规划实施过程中存在的4个方面的问题：①环境监管能力建设资金投入仍然不足;②环境管理基础条件远远跟不上步伐;③环境监管人员较少,人才短缺;④标准化达标建设与规划目标差距较大。针对规划实施过程中存在的问题,,本文就规划后续实施初步提出提出4点建议：①争取资金,落实职能;②全面推进,重点先行;③落实责任,加强培训;④加强环境基础能力建设,作为“十二五”规划重点。     

基于贝叶斯网络拓扑结构的水环境风险溯源——以饮马河流域为例

为了解决流域水环境风险诊断过程中污染来源不清、污染贡献难以量化等问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络拓扑结构的污染源追责量化方法.该方法首先通过互信息的计算实现流域水环境典型污染物的准确识别,在此基础上通过贝叶斯网络拓扑结构分析与启发式搜索算法快速辨析流域内典型污染来源及其污染贡献.本次选取吉林省饮马河流域2017~2020年水质监测数据进行分析.结果表明,氨氮为流域内的典型污染物;靠山南楼、靠山大桥、刘珍屯3个站点的污染来源分别为:杨家崴子、新立城大坝、砖瓦窑桥.其中靠山南楼有63%的污染来源于杨家崴子,靠山大桥有30%的污染来源于新立城大坝,刘珍屯有75%的污染来源于砖瓦窑桥.本次评估方法的构建可为流域水环境风险溯源及污染责任认定提供技术支撑.     

基于SSA-BP与SSA的地下水污染源反演识别

应用基于SSA-BP神经网络替代模型的模拟-优化方法和SSA研究了地下水污染源位置及释放历史的反演识别问题。并在建立地下水水流模型时,应用Cholesky分解方法建立含水层渗透系数连续场,该方法相比于普通的参数分区方法更好地描述了水文地质参数的非均质性。结果表明:SSA-BP神经网络替代模型对模拟模型具有较高的逼近精度,其平均相对误差仅有3.21%。应用SSA求解优化模型,能够快速准确地识别出点污染源的位置及释放历史。SSA对污染源位置的反演识别相对误差在10%左右,对污染源源强的反演识别相对误差不超过4%。因此,本文所提出的方法是一种有效的地下水污染源识别方法,可为污染责任认定及污染修复方案的优化提供参考。     

Predicting non-carcinogenic hazard quotients of heavy metals in pepper (Capsicum annum L.) utilizing electromagnetic waves

• There was significant absorption of heavy metals by the pepper in contaminated soils. • The target hazard quotient (THQ) indices followed the order of Pb>Zn>>Cd » Ni. • Relationships exist between contaminated plants and electromagnetic wave. • PCA and random search can select the main spectra and predict THQ for each element. Given the tendency of heavy metals to accumulate in soil and plants, the purpose of this study was to determine the contamination levels of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn on peppers (leaves and fruit) grown in contaminated soils in industrial centers. For this purpose, we measured the uptake of the four heavy metals by peppers grown in the heavy metal contaminated soils throughout the four growth stages: two-leaf, growth, flowering, and fruiting, and calculated various vegetation indices to evaluate the heavy metal contamination potentials. Electromagnetic waves were also applied for analyzing the responses of the target plants to various heavy metals. Based on the relevant spectral bands identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and random search methods, a regression method was then employed to determine the most optimal spectral bands for estimating the target hazard quotient (THQ). The THQ was found to be the highest in the plants contaminated by Pb (THQ= 62) and Zn (THQ= 5.07). The results of PCA and random search indicated that the spectra at the bands of b₅₇₀, b₆₅₀, and b₇₆₀ for Pb, b₄₀₀ and b₁₀₃₀ for Ni, b₄₀₀ and b₈₈₀ for Cd, and b₅₆₀, b₉₁₀, and b₁₀₅₀ for Zn were the most optimal spectra for assessing THQ. Therefore, in future studies, instead of examining the amount of heavy metals in plants by chemical analysis in the laboratory, the responses of the plants to the electromagnetic waves in the identified bands can be readily investigated in the field based on the established correlations.