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321.
The Future of Scattered Trees in Agricultural Landscapes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. GIBBONS D. B. LINDENMAYER J. FISCHER A. D. MANNING A. WEINBERG J. SEDDON P. RYAN G. BARRETT 《Conservation biology》2008,22(5):1309-1319
Abstract: Mature trees scattered throughout agricultural landscapes are critical habitat for some biota and provide a range of ecosystem services. These trees are declining in intensively managed agricultural landscapes globally. We developed a simulation model to predict the rates at which these trees are declining, identified the key variables that can be manipulated to mitigate this decline, and compared alternative management proposals. We used the initial numbers of trees in the stand, the predicted ages of these trees, their rate of growth, the number of recruits established, the frequency of recruitment, and the rate of tree mortality to simulate the dynamics of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. We applied this simulation model to case studies from Spain, United States, Australia, and Costa Rica. We predicted that mature trees would be lost from these landscapes in 90–180 years under current management. Existing management recommendations for these landscapes—which focus on increasing recruitment—would not reverse this trend. The loss of scattered mature trees was most sensitive to tree mortality, stand age, number of recruits, and frequency of recruitment. We predicted that perpetuating mature trees in agricultural landscapes at or above existing densities requires a strategy that keeps mortality among established trees below around 0.5% per year, recruits new trees at a rate that is higher than the number of existing trees, and recruits new trees at a frequency in years equivalent to around 15% of the maximum life expectancy of trees. Numbers of mature trees in landscapes represented by the case studies will decline before they increase, even if strategies of this type are implemented immediately. This decline will be greater if a management response is delayed. 相似文献
322.
往复隔板絮凝池流场数值模拟及混凝效果分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
对往复隔板絮凝池内的流场进行了数值模拟 ,并根据絮凝池的工作特征分析了水流状态对混凝效果的影响。结果表明絮凝池转弯处过水断面面积A_1 与廊道过水断面面积A_2 的比值A =A_1 / A_2 ,这一影响流场紊流动能的设计参数的最佳范围是 1 2~ 1 5。按此设计参数设计的往复隔板絮凝池模型的混凝反应效率是比较理想的。 相似文献
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325.
快速木质纤维素分解菌复合系MC1对秸秆的分解能力及稳定性 总被引:19,自引:2,他引:17
以天然水稻秸秆为材料研究了快速降解木质纤维素的细菌复合系MC1对木质纤维素的分解能力;并在不同条件保藏、高温处理以及利用变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)技术研究了复合系的稳定性.结果表明,复合系MC1在50℃液体静止培养条件下8~10d,把培养液2%干重的水稻秸秆完全分解溶化;经过9d的培养,水稻秸秆的总干重减少81%,其中纤维素减少99%,半纤维素减少74%,木质素减少51%.连续继代培养4a、常温干燥保存4a、-20℃冷冻藏4a、培养液直接在室温和4℃保存1a、90℃处理30min仍具旺盛的分解能力并稳定传代.平板培养基培养证明MC1全部由细菌组成,16SrDNA变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)检测结果,在6个月内主要条带几乎没有变化,说明MC1的菌种组成相当稳定.MC1对纤维素的分解利用具重要前景. 相似文献
326.
Abrahamson A Brandt I Brunström B Sundt RC Jørgensen EH 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(1):169-175
An ex vivo gill EROD assay was applied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as a biomarker for waterborne CYP1A-inducing compounds derived from oil production at sea. Exposure to nominal concentrations of 1 ppm or 10 ppm North Sea crude oil in a static water system for 24 h caused a concentration-dependent gill EROD induction. Further, exposure of cod for 14 days to environmentally relevant concentrations of produced water (PW, diluted 1:200 or 1:1000) from a platform in the North Sea using a flow-through system resulted in a concentration-dependent induction of gill EROD. Crude oil (0.2 ppm) from the same oil field also proved to induce EROD. Finally, gill EROD activity in cod caged for 6 weeks at 500-10 000 m from two platforms outside Norway was measured. The activities in these fish were very low and did not differ from those in fish caged at reference sites. 相似文献
327.
An Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) was used during spring and autumn 2003 in the centre of Strasbourg for the measurement of atmospheric aerosols size distribution. The concentration of NO(x) and SO(2) in air was simultaneously measured with specific analysers. Samples were collected in the range 0.007-10 microm in equivalent aerodynamic diameter size. Number distributions are representative of a pollution originating from urban traffic with a particle size distribution exhibiting a nucleation mode below 29 nm and an accumulation mode around 80 nm in size. A mean particle density equal to 39000+/-35000 total particles per cm(3) with a size ranging from 7 to 10 microm was obtained after a sampling period of 2 weeks in spring. About 86.9% of the number of particles have an aerodynamic diameter below 0.1 microm and 13.1% between 0.1 and 1 microm. Correlation coefficients between the number of particles impacted on each ELPI plate and gas concentrations (SO(2) and NO(x)) showed that the numbers of particles with diameter between 0.10 and 0.62 microm are highly related to the NO(x) concentration. This result indicates that particles are traffic induced since NO(x) is mainly emitted by cars as shown by measurements on various sites. Particles are less clearly correlated to the SO(2) concentration. Particle analysis on different ELPI plates for a sampling period of 2 weeks in autumn showed high level of soluble NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-) and NH(4)(+) ions. Indeed, up to 90% b.w. of these three species were found in the particle range 0.1-1 microm. The formation of particulate NH(4)NO(3) is favoured by high NO(x) concentration, which induces the formation of gaseous HNO(3). 相似文献
328.
1—硝基芘对斜生栅藻的毒性研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
酿要用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法,研究了1-硝基芘对斜生栅藻生长的影响,得到了1-NP抑制斜生栅藻生长的EC50(96h)为0.1824mg.1^-1,实验结果还表明,1-NP对藻生长的抑制作用随时间的延长而增加,抑制物性表现为特久且强度大,抑制机理为不可逆性抑制。 相似文献
329.
Kammann U Lang T Berkau AJ Klempt M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):600-605
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Gene expression analyses with real-time (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gains importance in marine monitoring. This new technique has to be compared to the classical approaches like the well known biomarker ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) to test their suitability for monitoring programmes. The goal of the present study is to compare EROD activity and CYP1A1 mRNA expression in the important monitoring fish species dab (Limanda limanda) and to answer the question of whether these parameters reflect the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of the fish. Further on, glyceraldehyd-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was investigated as a potential housekeeping gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female dab were caught in the summer of 2004 in the North Sea and in the Baltic. EROD activity was determined in liver samples by a kinetic fluorimetric assay according to a standard protocol. The gene expression of CYP1A (cytochrome P450 1A) and GAPDH were determined by means of RT-PCR. Results were compared to gonado somatic index and to the concentration of PAH metabolite 1OHPyr (1-hydroxypyrene) analysed in the bile fluids of the fish, respectively. RESULTS: Dab from all stations showed a considerable individual variation in the levels of both CYP1A mRNA and EROD. Highest mean values for CYP1A mRNA and EROD were detected in the northern part of the sampling area. In contrast, the PAH metabolite 1OHPyr was found at the highest concentration in fish caught near the German coast. CYP1A mRNA and EROD showed only a minor but significant correlation (r = 0.32, p < 0.05, n = 123). 1OHPyr in bile correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with the amount of GAPDH mRNA content in the liver. DISCUSSION: The significant but low correlation of CYP1A mRNA and EROD activity on an individual basis illustrates that these two parameters are apparently not closely linked. However, maximum EROD values correspond with maximum CYP1A mRNA concentrations when station means are regarded. Because EROD and CYP1A mRNA in dab follow different physiological principles, their application will lead to related but not identical monitoring results. This should be taken into account when future marine monitoring programmes are designed. The results also indicate that PAH are not the crucial factor for CYP1A and EROD levels in dab from the off-shore areas in the North Sea. This is remarkable because the PAH metabolism is known to be CYP1A-dependent and the widely used biomarker EROD has been recommended for monitoring PAH-related effects in fish from the North Sea. Due to a correlation between GAPDH and 1OHPyr, GAPDH was not suitable as housekeeping gene for dab. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the results from EROD nor from CYP1A1 mRNA measurements in dab reflected their exposure to PAH as measured by the PAH metabolite 1OHPyr. Thus, the question arises of whether EROD or CYP1A mRNA is a suitable biomarker at all to indicate PAH exposure in dab from the open North Sea. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: For future biological effect monitoring, it is advisable to measure more and predominately independent parameters by RT-PCR and to incorporate more components of the detoxification system. 相似文献
330.
利用高温和SDS对苏云金素高产菌株CT-43-1c进行了质粒消除,筛选得到一株不产苏云金素的无晶体突变株BMB0806;并通过SDS-PAGE、高效液相色谱(HPLC)和脉冲电泳(PFGE)分析了野生型菌株CT-43、出发菌株CT-43-1c和突变株BMB0806杀虫晶体蛋白的组成、苏云金素的产量和质粒图谱之间的差异.结果表明,突变株BMB0806与菌株CT-43和CT-43-1c相比,分别缺失了3个和2个大质粒,从而不再产生苏云金素和由cry1B基因编码的分子量为140×103的杀虫晶体蛋白.进一步分析三者质粒图谱后发现,突变株BMB0806中苏云金素的缺失和cry1B基因所在的大质粒A直接相关.图5参12 相似文献