Expanding Kenya's protected areas under the Convention on Biological Diversity to maximize coverage of plant diversity

Biodiversity is highly valuable and critically threatened by anthropogenic degradation of the natural environment. In response, governments have pledged enhanced protected‐area coverage, which requires scarce biological data to identify conservation priorities. To assist this effort, we mapped conservation priorities in Kenya based on maximizing alpha (species richness) and beta diversity (species turnover) of plant communities while minimizing economic costs. We used plant‐cover percentages from vegetation surveys of over 2000 plots to build separate models for each type of diversity. Opportunity and management costs were based on literature data and interviews with conservation organizations. Species richness was predicted to be highest in a belt from Lake Turkana through Mount Kenya and in a belt parallel to the coast, and species turnover was predicted to be highest in western Kenya and along the coast. Our results suggest the expanding reserve network should focus on the coast and northeastern provinces of Kenya, where new biological surveys would also fill biological data gaps. Meeting the Convention on Biological Diversity target of 17% terrestrial coverage by 2020 would increase representation of Kenya's plant communities by 75%. However, this would require about 50 times more funds than Kenya has received thus far from the Global Environment Facility.     

活性污泥工艺的多目标优化分析

研究了多目标优化方法在活性污泥工艺优化中应用的可行性,以国际水协(IWA)发布的基准仿真模型BSM1的工艺流程为对象,以出水水质、过程能耗和反应池体积的指标为优化目标,以反应池池容(5个)、混合液回流量、污泥回流量、污泥排放量、反应池氧气传质系数(3个)等11个变量为决策变量,构建了基于BSM1的多目标优化模型,并利用MatLab非支配排序遗传算法NSGA-II进行求解,获得了BSM1多目标优化模型的Pareto解.研究结果表明,在Dry进水条件下,通过将体积指标增大4.1%,可以明显改善出水水质指标(降低81.5%),能耗指标也能得到一定改善(降低13.3%);在3种进水条件(Dry,Rain,Storm)下,相对于BSM1工艺参数的缺省值,利用本研究的优化解作为工艺参数,均能不同程度改善出水水质、降低能耗.研究结果显示,在活性污泥过程不同目标之间进行权衡可以通过多目标优化方法来实现.     

MBR中活性污泥对雌酮E1的吸附性能研究

研究了MBR中灭活污泥对雌酮(El)的吸附行为,考察了污泥浓度、污泥粒径和El初始浓度对E1吸附效果的影响,并探讨了不同污泥组分(悬浮颗粒、胶体和溶解物)对E1的吸附作用贡献.结果表明,在E1初始浓度为l～500μg·L-1,4h左右达到吸附平衡;E1的吸附符合Freundlich吸附模型,呈线性吸附;E1初始浓度越大,吸附速率越小.随着污泥浓度升高,单位污泥对E1的吸附量显著下降,出现了固体浓度效应;而吸附去除率却随着污泥浓度的升高而显著增加,且两者之间呈显著正相关(p＜0.05).活性污泥对E1的单位吸附容量随着污泥粒径增大而减小.污泥中悬浮颗粒、胶体和溶解物的含量分别为87.8％、9.6％和2.6％,吸附平衡时,E1在3种组分中的浓度分别为13.9 μg·g-1、24.1 g·g-1和12.5 μg· g-1,胶体吸附效果最好.不同组分对E1的吸附贡献与其含量正相关,吸附贡献为:悬浮颗粒＞胶体＞溶解物.     

社区化粪池污水能量转化估算与分析研究

以化粪池单元为研究对象,基于ADM1模型的反应过程,建立了社区化粪池污水能量转化核算模型(WeMax-STK模型),对污水能量在化粪池中的赋存、转化以及去向进行了分析,并评估了污水能量的回收潜力.结果表明,WeMax-STK模型整体可靠,模拟值与监测值的平均误差不超过24%,不确定性低于18%,模型准确率在70%以上.化粪池进水有机物转化为热能和内部微生物能量的比例约占进水总化学能量的17%,污水化学能的主要去向是转化为慢速降解基质的能量,化粪池内有机物转化为气态甲烷的能量仅占进水化学能总量的4%左右.污水热能的回收强度约4.6kWh/m³,热能回收潜力约为24%～25%,大约是污水化学能回收潜力的3～6倍.     

基于G1-独立性权数法的热带海岛环境真空断路器状态评估

目的 提高热带海岛环境下真空断路器状态评估方法的全面性和准确性,为高温、高湿、高辐照、高盐雾气候环境下真空断路器的差异化运维和状态检修提供有效的数据基础.方法 统计分析热带海岛地区电力设备的缺陷类型和原因,构建断路器的环境状态评价指标,实现真空断路器的综合评价指标体系的拓展.采用序关系分析法(G1)和独立性权数法组合赋权,实现断路器运行状态的综合评估.结果 通过实例分析验证了此真空断路器评估方法的可行性,G1-独立性权数法综合考虑了专家主观经验及指标数据客观规律,能够降低指标间重复性信息对断路器评估结果的不利影响.结论 G1-独立性权数法有效计及了真空断路器所处的环境状态,综合考虑了主观经验和客观规律,能够减小指标间重复信息所导致的指标权重误差,保证了热带海岛环境下真空断路器评估结果的客观性和准确性.     

NC-PC锚定微量Fe活化PMS降解水中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

采用分步热分解法制备了NC-PC（三维多孔碳材料）锚定的微量Fe基催化剂,用于活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）氧化降解水中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）.采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、高精度比表面积仪（BET）、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析（ICP）对催化剂进行表征.考察了不同金属、制备方法、催化剂投加量、PMS投加量、初始pH值以及水中不同阴离子（Cl^-、NO₃^-、HCO₃^-）对2,4-D降解的影响.结果表明,通过热分解法合成的Fe-NC-PC对2,4-D具有更好的降解效果,当2,4-D初始浓度为0.1mmol/L,初始pH=3.4,催化剂投加量0.15g/L,PMS浓度0.7mmol/L时,反应20min内2,4-D的去除率可达91%.随着催化剂投加量、PMS投加量的提高,2,4-D的降解效果提高;随着初始pH值的提高,2,4-D的降解效率逐渐降低;水中不同阴离子（Cl^-、NO₃^-、HCO₃^-）和腐殖酸（HA）对2,4-D的降解有轻微的抑制作用.通过自由基淬灭实验、EPR测试以及XPS分析了反应的主要活性物种和反应机理,发现材料制备过程中形成的Fe-N_x是主要的反应活性位,能够有效的活化PMS降解水中2,4-D,¹O₂在2,4-D的降解过程中起到主要作用.     

菌株Cupriavidus sp. DT-1对液体和土壤中TCP的降解

采用液质联用（HPLC-MS）的方法检测菌株Cupriavidus sp.DT-1降解2-羟基吡啶（2-HP）的代谢产物.并用三亲结合、荧光定量PCR （q-PCR）方法评价降解菌对3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶酚（TCP）污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,菌株可以进一步降解2-HP,依次生成尼古丁蓝、马来酰胺酸和反丁烯二酸,直至转化成菌株DT-1生长的碳源.接种菌株DT-1对污染土壤中TCP的降解起到较大的促进作用,2组试验土壤中TCP （50mg/kg）降解率分别为94.4%和86.7%,未接种菌株的土壤中TCP降解率仅为20.4%和28.4%.带有绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp标记的菌株DT-1-gfp可在土壤中存活35d以上,并对TCP污染土壤的细菌群落丰度有显著的恢复作用.     

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM1 and PM2.5 in Tianjin, China: Impacts of biomass burning and primary biogenic sources

The submicron particulate matter (PM₁) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are very important due to their greater adverse impacts on the natural environment and human health. In this study, the daily PM₁ and PM_2.5 samples were collected during early summer 2018 at a sub-urban site in the urban-industrial port city of Tianjin, China. The collected samples were analyzed for the carbonaceous fractions, inorganic ions, elemental species, and specific marker sugar species. The chemical characterization of PM₁ and PM_2.5 was based on their concentrations, compositions, and characteristic ratios (PM₁/PM_2.5, AE/CE, NO₃^?/SO₄^2?, OC/EC, SOC/OC, OM/TCA, K+/EC, levoglucosan/K⁺, V/Cu, and V/Ni). The average concentrations of PM₁ and PM_2.5 were 32.4 µg/m³ and 53.3 µg/m³, and PM₁ constituted 63% of PM_2.5 on average. The source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated the main sources of secondary aerosols (25% and 34%), biomass burning (17% and 20%), traffic emission (20% and 14%), and coal combustion (17% and 14%). The biomass burning factor involved agricultural fertilization and waste incineration. The biomass burning and primary biogenic contributions were determined by specific marker sugar species. The anthropogenic sources (combustion, secondary particle formation, etc) contributed significantly to PM₁ and PM_2.5, and the natural sources were more evident in PM_2.5. This work significantly contributes to the chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 in near-port cities influenced by the diverse sources.     

固相萃取—ICP-MS分析西藏咸水湖泊中的微量元素

本研究建立了一种以NOBIAS PA1螯合树脂为富集手段,结合电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测试富含有机碳的咸水湖泊中Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn的分析方法.该方法首先使用UV/H₂O₂法对湖泊水体进行消解,去除有机络合作用对Co和Cu的干扰;然后对咸水中的微量元素进行预富集,并使用醋酸铵去除树脂上吸附的盐类;最后使用HNO₃洗脱样品并用ICP-MS进行测试.结果表明,在pH值6.35±0.30的情况下,不同微量元素流程空白值为0.49~6.43ng/kg;检出限为0.17~4.55ng/kg;样品的回收率为99%~102%.该方法用于西藏雅根错、色林错、昂仁金错的测试结果显示,该方法加标（内标元素In）回收率>99%;样品（n=3）的相对标准偏差<5%.本方法适用于内陆湖泊尤其是富含有机质的咸水湖泊（包括盐湖）微量元素分析.     

Methylopila sp.SD-1与大豆联合修复苯磺隆污染土壤

分离得到1株苯磺隆降解菌株SD-1,根据表型、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将其鉴定为Methylopila sp.SD-1,为首次报道能够降解苯磺隆的Methylopila属菌株,其在4d内完全降解50mg/L苯磺隆,最适降解温度、pH值分别为30℃和7.0,降解中间产物对大豆的毒性显著降低.大豆根系分泌物能促进菌株SD-1的生长,培养5d,菌株SD-1的数量由1.0×10⁷CFU/mL增至6.7×10⁷CFU/mL.分泌物中含有16种氨基酸,菌株SD-1对其中的Asp、Glu和Phe表现出明显的趋化性.接种菌悬液至苯磺隆污染土壤（3mg/kg）并种植大豆幼苗,培养4d,菌株SD-1依赖趋化性向大豆根系运动并定殖,存活率提高,根际土壤中苯磺隆的降解率相较于未种植大豆的处理提高36.0%.