Conservation Planning with Multiple Organizations and Objectives

Abstract: There has been a dramatic increase in the number of conservation organizations worldwide. It is now common for multiple organizations to operate in the same landscape in pursuit of different conservation goals. New objectives, such as maintenance of ecosystem services, will attract additional funding and new organizations to conservation. Systematic conservation planning helps in the design of spatially explicit management actions that optimally conserve multiple landscape features (e.g., species, ecosystems, or ecosystem services). But the methods used in its application implicitly assume that a single actor implements the optimal plan. We investigated how organizational behavior and conservation outcomes are affected by the presence of autonomous implementing organizations with different objectives. We used simulation models and game theory to explore how alternative behaviors (e.g., organizations acting independently or explicitly cooperating) affected an organization's ability to protect their feature of interest, and investigated how the distribution of features in the landscape influenced organizations’ attitudes toward cooperation. Features with highly correlated spatial distributions, although typically considered an opportunity for mutually beneficial conservation planning, can lead to organizational interactions that result in lower levels of protection. These detrimental outcomes can be avoided by organizations that cooperate when acquiring land. Nevertheless, for cooperative purchases to benefit both organizations’ objectives, each must forgo the protection of land parcels that they would consider to be of high conservation value. Transaction costs incurred during cooperation and the sources of conservation funding could facilitate or hinder cooperative behavior.     

Effects of Economic Downturns on Mortality of Wild African Elephants

Abstract: Declines in economic activity and associated changes in human livelihood strategies can increase threats of species overexploitation. This is exemplified by the effects of economic crises, which often drive intensification of subsistence poaching and greater reliance on natural resources. Whereas development theory links natural resource use to social‐economic conditions, few empirical studies of the effect of economic downturns on wild animal species have been conducted. I assessed the relations between African elephant (Loxodonta africana) mortality and human‐caused wounds in Samburu, Kenya and (1) livestock and maize prices (measures of local economic conditions), (2) change in national and regional gross domestic product (GDP) (measures of macroeconomic conditions), and (3) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (a correlate of primary productivity). In addition, I analyzed household survey data to determine the attitudes of local people toward protected areas and wild animals in the area. When cattle prices in the pastoralist study region were low, human‐caused wounds to and adult mortality of elephants increased. The NDVI was negatively correlated with juvenile mortality, but not correlated with adult mortality. Changes in Kenyan and East Asian (primary market for ivory) GDP did not explain significant variation in mortality. Increased human wounding of elephants and elephant mortality during periods of low livestock prices (local economic downturns) likely reflect an economically driven increase in ivory poaching. Local but not macroeconomic indices explained significant variation in mortality, likely due to the dominance of the subsistence economy in the study area and its political and economic isolation. My results suggest economic metrics can serve as effective indicators of changes in human use of and resulting effects on natural resources. Such information can help focus management approaches (e.g., antipoaching effort or proffering of alternative occupational opportunities) that address variation in local activities that threaten plant and animal populations.     

厌氧消化1号模型(ADMl)的发展及其应用

国际水协(IWA)于2002年正式推出了厌氧消化1号模型(ADM1),其主要目的是建立一个厌氧工艺建模和模拟的通用平台,促进厌氧处理工艺技术的发展.近年来,ADMI在许多方面得到扩展,如包含硫酸盐还原、硝酸盐还原、产气及其释放的扩展等,这使ADM1更趋于完善.ADM1与其他污水处理数学模型结合的应用以及在分布参数模型中的应用是当前该模型应用的主要方面.有机物发酵的复杂性以及数量众多的模型动力学参数和组分都极人限制了该模型的广泛应用.     

Effects of Harvest of Nontimber Forest Products and Ecological Differences between Sites on the Demography of African Mahogany

Abstract: The demographic impacts of harvesting nontimber forest products (NTFP) have been increasingly studied because of reports of potentially unsustainable harvest. Nevertheless, our understanding of how plant demographic response to harvest is altered by variation in ecological conditions, which is critical for developing realistic sustainable‐use plans, is limited. We built matrix population models to test whether and how variation in ecological conditions affects population responses to harvest. In particular, we examined the effect of bark and foliage harvest on the demography of populations of African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) in two contrasting ecological regions of Benin, West Africa. K. senegalensis bark and foliage harvest significantly reduced its stochastic population growth rates, but ecological differences between regions had a greater effect on population growth rates than did harvest. The effect of harvest on population growth rates (Δλ) was slightly stronger in the moist than in the drier region. Life‐table response experiments revealed that the mechanism by which harvesting reduced λ differed between ecological regions. Lowered stasis (persistence) of larger life stages lead to a reduction in λ in the drier region, whereas lowered growth of all life stages lowered λ in moist region. Potential strategies to increase population growth rates should include decreasing the proportion of individuals harvested, promoting harvester‐owned plantations of African mahogany, and increasing survival and growth by promoting no‐fire zones in gallery forests. Our results show how population responses to harvest of NTFP may be altered by ecological differences across sites and emphasize the importance of monitoring populations over the climatic range in which they occur to develop more realistic recommendations for conservation.     

Projected Climate‐Induced Habitat Loss for Salmonids in the John Day River Network,Oregon, U.S.A.

Abstract: Climate change will likely have profound effects on cold‐water species of freshwater fishes. As temperatures rise, cold‐water fish distributions may shift and contract in response. Predicting the effects of projected stream warming in stream networks is complicated by the generally poor correlation between water temperature and air temperature. Spatial dependencies in stream networks are complex because the geography of stream processes is governed by dimensions of flow direction and network structure. Therefore, forecasting climate‐driven range shifts of stream biota has lagged behind similar terrestrial modeling efforts. We predicted climate‐induced changes in summer thermal habitat for 3 cold‐water fish species—juvenile Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus confluentus, respectively)—in the John Day River basin, northwestern United States. We used a spatially explicit statistical model designed to predict water temperature in stream networks on the basis of flow and spatial connectivity. The spatial distribution of stream temperature extremes during summers from 1993 through 2009 was largely governed by solar radiation and interannual extremes of air temperature. For a moderate climate change scenario, estimated declines by 2100 in the volume of habitat for Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout were 69–95%, 51–87%, and 86–100%, respectively. Although some restoration strategies may be able to offset these projected effects, such forecasts point to how and where restoration and management efforts might focus.     

施氏假单胞菌对二苯并噻吩的降解

从胜利油田油井附近土壤中筛选到 1 株施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri UP1),可把二苯并噻吩(DBT)降解成水溶性硫化物,静息细胞实验证实该菌株细胞内存在能够降解DBT的酶系,降解过程的某些中间产物及终产物与已知的Kodama 路线相同,表明此菌株对DBT的降解是以 Kodama 路线进行的.     

新显色剂NPBPDT的合成及在环境监测中的应用研究

研究了1(4硝基苯基)3(5溴吡啶)三氮烯(NPBPDT)的合成及其与汞的显色反应。在TX100存在下,pH值为11.5的Na2B4O7NaOH缓冲溶液中,该试剂能与汞发生显色反应,汞与NPBPDT形成摩尔比为1∶2型的黄色配合物,在440nm处有一最大正吸收峰,在535nm处有一最大负吸收。以440nm为参比波长,535nm为测量波长进行双波长测定,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.80×105Lmol·cm,汞的浓度在0～12μg25mL范围内符合比尔定律。用拟定方法测定废水中的微量汞,有较高的准确度和精密度。     

Silicalite-1分子筛吸附水体中对硝基甲苯与邻硝基甲苯

研究了以Silicalite-1分子筛为吸附剂对水体中对硝基甲苯和邻硝基甲苯的吸附和扩散行为.结果表明,对硝基甲苯在Silicalite-1分子筛中的吸附量及扩散系数均显著高于邻硝基甲苯.水中混合硝基甲苯在吸附量与扩散性上的差异导致Silicalite-1分子筛对对硝基甲苯具有良好的吸附选择性.300K,吸附30min时,可得到97.7%的对硝基甲苯与95.6%的邻硝基甲苯(采用树脂等吸附剂).     

绿色技术评价磺化反应过程热危险性

反应量热仪RC1研究磺化反应过程中热危险性具有评价路线简单、易于操作、过程绿色环保等优势,近年来逐渐成为研究的热点.磺化反应过程中由于工艺的不同,不同磺化反应过程的热危险性也具有很大的差别.通过反应量热仪RC1、差示扫描量热DSC、绝热加速量热仪ARC对10种不同工艺的磺化反应过程的热危险进行了深入的研究,对企业实践生...