International organization and EIA in developing countries

International EIA activity has two origins. First, there is increasing concern over conflict between developmental and environmental interests within the economic development system. Second, EIA appeals to international agencies and governments as a well-defined, internally integrated procedure and planning tool. EIA activities involve political, institutional, and technical motivations and goals for the international bodies and the governments of countries receiving aid. Three criteria may be used to evaluate international EIA from the perspective of policy makers and administrators in the countries: political support, institutional strengthening, and technical capability. This paper reviews the influence of the United Nations system and of some multilateral and bilateral development assistance agencies in promoting EIA in developing countries. The extent the nature of the influence donors have on EIA in developing countries is shaped as much by the interests and organizational characteristics of the donors as by the needs and priorities of the recipients.     

儿童肺功能指标测量方法比较及异常值的探讨

比较了儿童肺功能机读数据与人工手测数据 ,并应用统计学原理探讨了适合于研究空气污染暴露与儿童肺功能健康关系的 FVC实测值 /预计值 (% )、FEV1 实测值 /预计值 (% )、FEV1 /FVC(% )这三种肺功能指标的异常值分界线。得出 FVC或 FEV1 实测值 /预计值 (% )的异常值范围为 <85% ,FEV1 /FVC(% )的异常值范围为 <80 %     

非等间隔GM（1，1）模型在液相色谱保留值研究中的应用

本文运用灰色系统理论思想,建立非等间隔ＧＭ（１,１）模型,对色谱中的流动相组成及容量因子的关系进行预测研究,所建立模型能实现对各实验点值进行模拟和合理地预测。     

异烟酸-吡唑啉酮光度法测定氰化物的方法研究

研究了用次氯酸钠代替氯胺 T为活性氯试剂进行测定的方法 ,比较了这两种试剂对测定条件、结果的影响 ,且对蒸馏预处理方法进行了改进 ,并提出了在蒸馏预处理及异烟酸 -吡唑啉酮分光光度法测定过程中的注意事项     

壬基酚和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚同时分析的方法建立

建立了能同时检测污水和污泥中的NP和短链NPEOn的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析方法,在水样中NP、NPEO1和NPEO2用GC-MS分析方法的检测限分别为2、2和1.5μg/L,用HPLC分析方法的检测限分别为0.01、0.03和0.03mg/L;在泥样中NP、NPEO1和NPEO2用GC-MS分析方法的检测限分别为2、2和1.5ng/g,用HPLC分析方法的检测限分别为0.01、0.03和0.03μg/g。方法的建立为掌握污水和污泥样品中的NP和短链NPEOn提供了方法保障。     

环境预测中灰色模型的EXCEL解法

提出了利用EXCEL应用软件建立GM（1,N）预测模型的建模方法,并结合实例介绍了建立河流高锰酸盐指数GM（1,3）模型的操作过程。     

森林火灾重灾时段对太阳活动,厄尔尼诺,南方涛动异常的响应

本文根据天地生相互作用原理,研究了黑龙江近40多年来森林火灾灾情年际变化规律,发现森林火灾重灾时段(年)与太阳活动谷年及其次年基本同步,与ENSO密切相关;三者是形成“重灾时段”的重大天地生原因。     

1959-2008年乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川融水径流变化及其原因

采用数理统计、 Morlet小波分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验对乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1959-2008年径流序列进行分析,揭示了冰川融水径流的变化趋势、 周期特征和突变特性,并对径流与气候、 冰川变化关系进行了探讨。结果表明:乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川近50 a来径流增加趋势显著,特别是在1993年发生突变后,平均径流较1993年前增加了69.4%。径流序列第一主周期为15 a,第二主周期为6 a。在13~16 a时间尺度上看,1号冰川融水径流在未来的几年将继续保持偏多趋势,但是从5~7 a和超长期时间尺度上看则相反。冰川融水径流与冰川物质平衡、 年均气温、 消融期气温及年降水量存在良好的瞬时响应关系,其中消融期气温的振动对冰川融水径流振动能量贡献最大,在气温超过2 ℃时,径流将加速增长。物质平衡变化100 mm可引起河流径流变化22.9×10⁴ m³,1号冰川过去50 a累积物质平衡为-13 693 mm,相当于额外补给河流径流量3 135.7×10⁴ m³,约是年径流量的16.1倍。     

Relation of hepatic EROD activity and CYP1A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and its correlation with cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP (10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively) or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP (0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively) every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second ip injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites (100 ng/L) was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity (1000 ng/L). The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.