用苔藓组织硫含量、S/N比值探讨江西省大气硫沉降

本文通过对江西省"r"型酸控区19个采样点88个细叶小羽藓样品进行分析,发现在大气硫浓度高的地区苔藓组织硫含量也高,说明细叶小羽藓可以作为监测植物指示大气硫污染。江西省苔藓组织硫含量从南往北递增,赣东北苔藓组织有着高的硫含量。南昌市和贵溪市市区苔藓组织硫含量和其相应的郊区苔藓组织硫含量有显著性差异(P<0.01),且市区苔藓组织硫含量明显高于郊区苔藓组织硫含量,说明这两个城市市区苔藓受到了点污染源的影响。对细叶小羽藓组织硫含量和大气SO2浓度进行线性回归分析,发现细叶小羽藓的组织硫含量(y)和大气SO2浓度(x)存在显著线性正相关(y=6.09x+0.16,R2=0.95,P=0.003)。用S/N=0.15把江西省采样点分为两组,贵溪市贵溪冶炼厂周围有着高的大气硫沉降量(组Ⅰ),其它采样点均是硫缺乏或者说是氮过量(组Ⅱ)。     

Occurrence of Primidone,Carbamazepine, Caffeine,and Precursors for N‐Nitrosodimethylamine in Drinking Water Sources Impacted by Wastewater1

Abstract: Wastewater impact on drinking water sources was assessed using several approaches, including analysis of three pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) – primidone, carbamazepine, and caffeine – as indicators, and determination of precursor concentrations for the disinfection byproduct N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using formation potential (FP) tests. Samples were collected in 2006 and 2007 in rivers impacted by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges, at drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) intakes upstream or downstream from these discharges, and from two WWTP effluents in two watersheds. The levels [10th percentile ? maximum (median)] of primidone, carbamazepine, caffeine, and NDMAFP were 2‐95 (7) ng/l, 2‐207 (18) ng/l, 7‐687 (78) ng/l, and 12‐321 (35) ng/l, respectively. The highest concentrations of primidone, carbamazepine, and NDMA precursors were from one of the WWTP effluents, whereas the highest concentration of caffeine was detected in a river heavily impacted by treated wastewater discharges. The lowest concentrations of the three PPCPs were from a DWTP influent upstream of a metropolitan urban area with minimum wastewater impact. Temporal variations in PPCP and NDMAFP concentrations and streamflows in two selected watersheds were also observed. Furthermore, correlation analysis between caffeine or carbamazepine and primidone was evaluated. The results show that measurement of the two pharmaceuticals and NDMAFP tests can be used to evaluate wastewater impact in different watersheds, whereas caffeine results were more variable.     

生物滴滤池反硝化脱氮试验研究

采用一套内部填充多孔蜂窝陶瓷填料的生物滴滤池,研究了在不同温度下3种不同类型的碳源(甲醇、醋酸钠和葡萄糖)以及不同的C N对于系统反硝化效果的影响。结果表明,不同碳源对于系统的反硝化能力有很大的影响,采用甲醇和葡萄糖不会引起亚硝酸盐的积累,而醋酸钠会引起明显的亚硝酸盐积累,在硝酸盐基本消耗完的时候达到最大的积累值(初始硝酸盐总量的2 0 % )。不同碳源的最佳操作温度有所不同,3种碳源在4 0℃下都具有较好的反硝化效果。     

A 60-year sedimentary record of natural and anthropogenic impacts on Lake Chenghai, China

Recent sediments from Lake Chenghai, China, were investigated at high temporal resolution to trace both natural and anthropogenic effects on the lake using total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (P_o), inorganic phosphorus (P_i) and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N) in a ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment core. The results indicated that the sedimentary record covers the last 60 years, during which the lake had undergone apparent changes in nutrient sources and productivity in response to nutrient loading. Prior to the late 1980s, the nutrient contents in sediments mainly originated from algae and lake productivity was relatively stable. Since the late 1980s, increasing TOC, TN and TP concentrations together with the change of δ¹³C_org and δ¹⁵N suggested anthropogenic perturbations in nutrient loading and lake productivity. Endogenic nutrients derived from algae and anthropogenic inputs were two important sources of sedimentary nutrients. The anthropogenic nutrients mainly originated from the discharge of industrial wastewater and artificial cultivation of Spirulina after the middle 1980s, and domestic wastewater discharged from Yongsheng County since 1993.     

紫色土坡耕地C、N与微生物C、N变化及其耦合特征

以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象,综合探讨不同坡度变化下植被/裸地小区以及长期不同施肥处理下紫色土坡耕地土壤C、N与微生物C、N变化及其耦合特征.结果表明:植被覆盖小区总有机碳(TOC)变化为49.0~63.9 g·kg-1,裸地TOC变化为47.4~50.8 g·kg-1,并随坡度增加逐渐下降;植被小区微生物碳(MBC)为0.9~3.45 g·kg-1,而裸地小区MBC仅为0.1~0.68 g·kg-1.不同施肥处理下坡耕地土壤TOC为57.0~64.5 g·kg-1,施加有机肥处理土壤的TOC含量高于其他施肥方式.植被小区总氮(TN)为2.6~4.2 g·kg-1,裸地小区TN含量为1.6~5.5 g·kg-1,植被小区微生物氮(MBN)高于裸地小区;不同施肥处理下TN含量随土层深度增加呈显著下降,有机肥和秸秆与化肥配施相比单一施加氮肥对土壤MBN的增加更为显著.有机肥及其与化肥配施下土壤C/N比为10~17,而秸秆及其与化肥配施土壤C/N比为8~13,单施氮肥为12左右,增施有机肥和秸秆还田有利于保持土壤C/N的稳定提高;同时,施肥有利于提高微生物熵,增加土壤中活性有机碳的比例;紫色土坡耕地MBC和TN具有显著的耦合特征(R2=0.66).     

硫磺/硫铁矿自养反硝化系统脱氮性能

基于硫自养反硝化作用,寻求一种经济、快速、高效地污水脱氮工艺,采用硫磺/硫铁矿组合进行自养反硝化脱氮试验,以低C/N市政污水为处理对象,分别考察温度,硫磺与硫铁矿体积比和HRT等理化因素对反应器脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,在进水TN质量浓度约40 mg·L^-1条件下,1号反应器最佳HRT为2.5 h,TN去除率平均稳定在72.2%,出水TN约10.55 mg·L^-1;2号反应器最佳HRT为3.5 h,TN平均去除率约67.8%,出水TN平均稳定至12.90 mg·L^-1;3号反应器最佳HRT为3.5 h,TN平均去除率60.6%,出水TN稳定在15.00 mg·L^-1左右.硫磺/硫铁矿自养反硝化系统比硫铁矿自养反硝化系统启动快;该系统脱氮效率随着硫磺与硫铁矿体积比减小而降低;该系统脱氮性能对温度的变化并不敏感,脱氮性能优于单独以硫铁矿为硫源的自养反硝化系统;系统中硫自养反硝化过程的主要功能菌属是Sulfurimonas和Thiobacillus,在3个反应器所占比例为1号 > 2号 > 3号.     

15N和18O在桂林岩溶水氮污染源示踪中的应用

为确定桂林东区岩溶含水层氮污染特征及其迁移转化过程,选择桂林东区地下水与地表水共27个采样点,分别在雨季和旱季进行取样分析.结果显示:桂林东区地下水NO3--N污染较严重,是最主要的无机氮形态.雨季地下水采样点的NO3--N平均浓度为12.5mg/L,超过了世界卫生组织的地下水饮用标准界限(10mg/L);旱季地下水采样点的NO3--N平均含量为8.8mg/L,虽有明显的降低,但也濒临超标.而少数地表水采样点由于受到直接排污影响,NH4+和NO2-浓度较高,其余离子浓度均较低.该区地下水中硝酸盐的δ15N值范围在5‰~25‰,δ18O值范围在5‰~10‰,表明该区地下水硝酸盐来源为家畜粪便和生活污水,也可能有土壤有机氮和化肥的混合,并发生微生物的硝化作用产生同位素分馏.其中一部分采样点NO3-的N、O同位素比值在1.3~2.1的变化范围内,而另有一部分采样点NO3-的N、O同位素比值不在这个范围之内,表明该区地下水中反硝化作用并不明显,存在空间差异性.     

A/O生物脱氮工艺的反硝化动力学试验

通过SBR反应器间歇试验,研究了投加外碳源后系统的反硝化潜力和反硝化速率的变化.结果表明,向原有淀粉废水中投加外碳源乙醇废液后,可以明显提高系统的反硝化速率和反硝化潜力,反硝化速率由0.74mg/(g·h)增加到2.11mg/(g·h),反硝化潜力由5.6mg/L增加到16.2mg/L.脉冲投加淀粉废水进行缺氧反硝化间歇试验,可以获得系统污泥动力学信息,确定原水的反硝化潜力,并可估计城市污水处理厂的总反硝化潜力,因此可以预测获得最小出水硝酸氮浓度的控制策略.相对于COD/N,如果确定了系统反硝化潜力和污水水质能获得更多信息.     

水温和C/N对土地生物过滤处理系统氮去除的影响

在流量为40 L/d、回流比为200％的条件下,以碎石为填料,结合小试实验研究了温度和COD/NH4+-N(C/N)对AO型污水土地生物过滤处理系统,处理人工生活污水中氮的影响.实验结果表明,随水温和C/N的升高,首先系统对NH4+-N的去除率先增大后减小,当水温为7.3℃、C/N为5时,系统对NiH4+-N的去除率最高,达到了91.1％;其次系统反硝化率逐渐升高,当水温为8.2℃、C/N为6时,反硝化率达到了95.4％;此外,系统中硝化反硝化作用受到影响,导致对TN的去除率先增大后减小,当水温为8.2℃、C/N为6时,系统对TN的去除率达到49.91％.在厌氧阶段,系统TN的去除主要靠反硝化作用将硝酸盐氮脱除,并且存在中间产物积累;进入好氧阶段,系统通过硝化作用将氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮,只是氮素形态的转化,并未从系统中脱氮.     

树脂吸附法处理硫化促进剂CA生产废水的研究

采用特种吸附树脂处理促进剂CA生产废水 ,系统地研究了废水的pH值、吸附温度及吸附流量等因素对树脂吸附性能的影响 ,以及以稀硫酸为脱附剂 ,其配比、流量、温度等对树脂脱附性能的影响。实验结果表明 ,特种吸附树脂对该废水具有良好的吸附 脱附效果 ,废水经吸附处理后 ,CODCr浓度由 2 0 0 0 0mg/L左右降至 30 0mg/L以下 ,CODCr去除率达98%以上。该工艺简单 ,运行稳定 ,操作简便 ,可望实现工业化。