大鼠全身曝露N,N-二甲基甲酰胺蒸汽后血液中N-甲基氨基甲酸硫酯动态研究

报道了经恒定气相浓度Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基甲酰胺（ＤＭＦ）蒸汽曝露的雄性ＳＤ大鼠血液中以Ｓ－（Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酰）谷胱甘肽（ＳＭＧ）为代表的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯的代谢生成及体内消长．实验所用封闭曝露系统内ＤＭＦ蒸汽恒定浓度分别为φ＝２４×１０－６（直至４８ｈ）；φ＝８４×１０－６及φ＝２１３×１０－６（均为７２ｈ）．经（φ＝２４×１０－６）×２４ｈ处理后，大鼠血清中Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯达到稳态浓度４７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，当ＤＭＦ稳态蒸汽浓度φ＝８４×１０－６时，体内血清Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯稳态浓度为２２７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，在环境蒸汽浓度φ＜８４×１０－６时，大鼠体内Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯稳态浓度与环境中ＤＭＦ蒸汽浓度呈线性关系．所产生的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯类物质体内半衰期在２．２～２．８ｈ之间，体内半衰期值主要是由其生成速率决定的．高浓度ＤＭＦ（φ＝２１３×１０－６）的曝露并未导致体内产生可检出水平的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯类物质，这可能是由于体内高浓度的ＤＭＦ对其本身代谢的抑制作用所致．     

A Comparison of the Short-Term Dynamics of Soil “Damage” Due to Enhanced Nitrogen Deposition As Ammonium Sulphate Or Nitric Acid

An experiment has been conducted to contrast the effects of enhanced oxidised and reduced nitrogen deposition upon key chemical parameters in a Calluna moorland podzol. A 40 cm deep podzol profile, derived from granite, was reconstructed in one hundred 4.2 cm diameter cores. for 20 weeks, the cores were subjected twice weekly to simulated rainfall containing either twice ambient nitrogen deposition in Aberdeen, or further enhanced nitrogen (further 2- and 6-fold increases) as nitric acid or ammonium sulphate. to quantify the dynamics of soil change in each horizon, randomly selected cores were destructively analysed every two weeks and the soils analysed. Increased nitrogen inputs, regardless of form, substantially and immediately reduced surface soil pH_water via the mobile anion or salt effect. for the higher nitrogen treatments, the pH reduction was seen throughout the profile. Longer term soil acidification was also seen in the pH_{calcium chloride} results over the 20 weeks. at a given nitrogen deposition rate, the effects of ammonium sulphate and nitric acid on soil pH_{calcium chloride} were similar. the ammonium sulphate treatments were especially effective at reducing base saturation throughout much of the profile, the direct base cation leaching being associated with substantial ammonium accumulation. the results suggest that the direct base cation leaching caused by ammonium deposition needs to be considered when assessing atmospheric pollution “damage” to heathland soils.     

Individual-based modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils: Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of microbial components

The fate of soil carbon and nitrogen compounds in soils in response to climate change is currently the object of significant research. In particular, there is much interest in the development of a new generation of micro-scale models of soil ecosystems processes. Crucial to the elaboration of such models is the ability to describe the growth and metabolism of small numbers of individual microorganisms, distributed in a highly heterogeneous environment. In this context, the key objective of the research described in this article was to further develop an individual-based soil organic matter model, INDISIM-SOM, first proposed a few years ago, and to assess its performance with a broader experimental data set than previously considered. INDISIM-SOM models the dynamics and evolution of carbon and nitrogen associated with organic matter in soils. The model involves a number of state variables and parameters related to soil organic matter and microbial activity, including growth and decay of microbial biomass, temporal evolutions of easily hydrolysable N, mineral N in ammonium and nitrate, CO₂ and O₂. The present article concentrates on the biotic components of the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the model can be calibrated to provide good fit to experimental data from laboratory incubation experiments performed on three different types of Mediterranean soils. In addition, analysis of the sensitivity toward its biotic parameters shows that the model is far more sensitive to some parameters, i.e., the microbial maintenance energy and the probability of random microbial death, than to others. These results suggest that, in the future, research should focus on securing better measurements of these parameters, on environmental determinants of the switch from active to dormant states, and on the causes of random cell death in soil ecosystems.     

Understanding and Estimating Effective Population Size for Practical Application in Marine Species Management

Abstract: Effective population size (N_e) determines the strength of genetic drift in a population and has long been recognized as an important parameter for evaluating conservation status and threats to genetic health of populations. Specifically, an estimate of N_e is crucial to management because it integrates genetic effects with the life history of the species, allowing for predictions of a population's current and future viability. Nevertheless, compared with ecological and demographic parameters, N_e has had limited influence on species management, beyond its application in very small populations. Recent developments have substantially improved N_e estimation; however, some obstacles remain for the practical application of N_e estimates. For example, the need to define the spatial and temporal scale of measurement makes the concept complex and sometimes difficult to interpret. We reviewed approaches to estimation of N_e over both long‐term and contemporary time frames, clarifying their interpretations with respect to local populations and the global metapopulation. We describe multiple experimental factors affecting robustness of contemporary N_e estimates and suggest that different sampling designs can be combined to compare largely independent measures of N_e for improved confidence in the result. Large populations with moderate gene flow pose the greatest challenges to robust estimation of contemporary N_e and require careful consideration of sampling and analysis to minimize estimator bias. We emphasize the practical utility of estimating N_e by highlighting its relevance to the adaptive potential of a population and describing applications in management of marine populations, where the focus is not always on critically endangered populations. Two cases discussed include the mechanisms generating N_e estimates many orders of magnitude lower than census N in harvested marine fishes and the predicted reduction in N_e from hatchery‐based population supplementation.     

条件非线性最优扰动在热带气旋调控减灾中的应用初探

为主动减小热带气旋灾害,给将来热带气旋调控的工程实践奠定理论基础。从RossHoffman对热带气旋调控减灾的研究出发,引出了作为非线性最优控制技术的四维变分天气控制版本。简要介绍了条件非线性最优扰动(CNOP)的概念,在此基础上,重点介绍了CNOP方法与四维变分方法相比改进方面的主要应用,它可以利用控制过程中的观测数据,从而在天气控制方面优于四维变分技术。进一步研究了CNOP在热带气旋控制中的另外两个应用,即对初始扰动发展为热带气旋的反演以及利用CNOP寻求产生最大垂直风切变的扰动。新的非线性最优控制技术可称为"非线性最优强迫变分(NOFV)"或"非线性最优强迫扰动(NOFP)"方法,它可以使控制尽可能接近观测。研究表明,CNOP方法在热带气旋调控减灾中大有用武之地。     

水氮管理对设施番茄根系生长的影响

为研究高盐分累积设施土壤（电导率为1 106 μS/cm）中水氮管理对设施番茄根系生长的影响,采用二因素随机区组设计,利用盆栽试验研究了设施土壤中不同水分和氮肥处理对番茄生长和养分吸收的影响.结果表明:与适宜灌溉[浇水量为2.1 L/（盆·次）]相比,水分胁迫处理[浇水量为1.5 L/（盆·次）]显著抑制番茄根系、株高和生物量的增加,番茄总根长、根总表面积、根尖数分别平均减少16.6%、24.4%、14.3%,养分吸收量平均减少21.7%;高量灌溉[浇水量为2.7 L/（盆·次）]可增加番茄果期生物量,增幅达35.5%,但氮素吸收量有所降低.与传统施肥相比,减氮施肥可显著促进番茄植株、根系的生长,从而增加养分吸收量;番茄总根长、根总表面积、根尖数分别增加2.9%~55.3%、10.8%~55.5%、4.9%~62.7%,株高平均增加12.7%,养分吸收量平均增加38.5%,氮肥利用率从9.1%增至30.8%.研究显示,在高盐分累积的设施土壤中,氮肥减施可促进作物根系生长,同时提高氮肥利用率.      

IEM-UF同步分离反硝化系统脱氮特性及种群结构分析

针对传统脱氮工艺处理低C/N污水存在的问题,本研究提出IEM-UF同步分离反硝化系统.考察了三阶段各反应器对系统COD去除与脱氮性能影响,同时应用宏全基因组技术分析了各反应器功能微生物种群结构特征.结果表明,系统在电流强度0. 2A时分离器氨氮富集率平均达到116. 1%,最高可达170%;系统进水C/N为2. 80稳定运行时,系统COD及TN平均去除率分别可以达到90%和50%以上. TN去除率最高达到65. 4%.宏全基因组测序表明,在硝化反应器中硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)所占比例分别为12. 23%和2. 31%;在反硝化反应器中脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)和Azospira所占比例分别为4. 57%、1. 76%和1. 03%,远大于其他菌属所占比例,保证了系统中COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_x~--N较高的去除率;同时铁自养反硝化菌的存在提高了系统的反硝化效率.     

内源碳PHA的贮存对混合菌群耐低温特性的影响

本文研究碳源调控磷回收强化生物脱氮除磷（biological bio-nutrient removal-carbon regulation and phosphorus recovery,BBNR-CPR）反应器耐低温特性.不断降低BBNR-CPR反应器运行温度,发现BBNR-CPR反应器能够长期在低温（≤15℃）、低C/N比（<4.16）条件下稳定运行,维持总磷的平均去除率为91.20%,氨氮的平均去除率为81.10%,总氮的平均去除率为58.62%.随着运行时间的增加与温度的下降,BBNR-CPR反应器生物内膜具有脱氮除磷以及PHA贮存功能的种属Candidatus_Competibacter、Candidatus_Accumulibacter、Run-SP 154、Thauera、Candidatus_Nitrotoga的相对丰度不断提高,成为耐受低温条件的优势种属.在相同碳源浓度、合成PHA的时间一致的条件下,生物膜内PHA的合成量受温度影响;25、15和8℃合成的PHA量分别占生物膜干重的16.24%、11.49%和9.01%.预贮存PHA的生物膜具有耐受低温的能力;在高PHA水平,8℃和15℃的除磷效率分别为97.46%和100%,脱氮效率分别为55.15%和82.55%;而在低PHA水平,8℃和15℃的除磷效率分别为11.39%和35.02%,脱氮效率分别为0%和12.10%.     

CEM-UF组合膜-硝化/反硝化系统处理低C/N废水及种群结构分析

本研究采用具有氨氮富集分离特性的阳离子交换膜-超滤(CEM-UF)组合膜与硝化/反硝化结合处理低C/N废水,考察该系统不同流量比下低C/N废水的硝化、反硝化脱氮特性,并通过对硝化、反硝化活性污泥进行16Sr DNA高通量测序,分析功能微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,系统进水TN为60 mg·L-1,COD/TN为2.65下,各流量比下硝化均有较好效果,平均氨氮去除率为98.7%,流量比值由1∶2上升到1∶6过程中,反硝化m(COD)/m(NO-3-N)随之升高,1∶6时平均硝氮去除率达到最高,为86.28%,系统总氮去除率由22.56%上升到46.8%.Illumina高通量测序结果表明,硝化污泥中可以固氮的Proteobacteria菌门占30.9%,重要的亚硝酸盐氧化菌Nitrospirae菌门占3.06%,属水平上检测到氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)Nitrospira和Nitrobacter,AOB与NOB菌比例较高,与硝化反应器中较好的硝化效果相一致.反硝化污泥中Proteobacteria菌门占主导地位(53.13%),其次是Bacteroidetes菌门(10.93%),在属的水平上检测到Dechloromonas、Thauera、Castellaniella、Alicycliphilus、Azospira、Comamonas、Caldilinea和Saccharibacteria多种具有反硝化脱氮作用的相关菌属,反硝化菌所占比例为25.91%,反硝化污泥中具有反硝化功能的微生物丰富,反硝化效果良好.     

不同灌溉方式旱田土壤N2O排放和氮素淋溶特征

通过野外原位监测试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法、土壤溶液提取器分别对旱田土壤N₂O排放及氮素淋溶进行2018和2019年连续两年观测.试验设计为DCK （滴灌无肥）、DD （滴灌+N 500kg/hm²）、DG （滴灌+N 1000kg/hm²）、FCK （沟灌无肥）、FD （沟灌+N 500kg/hm²）、FG （沟灌+N 1000kg/hm²）.结果表明,不同施氮量、不同灌溉方式对N₂O排放和氮素淋溶量影响具有极显著差异（P<0.01）.N₂O排放量随施氮量的增加而增加,滴灌与沟灌相比可有效降低N₂O排放,2018和2019年FCK、FD、FG的N₂O累积排放量分别为2,23.79,45.73kg/hm²和2.08,6.23,13.93kg/hm²,而DCK、DD、DG分别降低了35%、80.9%、75.6%和26.7%、66.4%、21.5%.2018和2019年旱田土壤氮素淋溶量均表现为：滴灌<沟灌,80cm深度土壤溶液氮素淋溶量<40cm.2018和2019年相同施氮量下滴灌与沟灌相比,在40cm和80cm分别能减少氮素淋溶量36.95%~63.10%和54.93%~87.92%.主成分分析结果表明,影响N₂O排放的主要环境因子为土壤NO₃^--N含量和降水频率,相关系数分别为0.689、0.596;影响氮素淋溶量的主要环境因子为降水频率和灌水频率,相关系数分别为0.697和-0.729.滴灌可有效减少N₂O排放和氮素淋溶量,在提高肥料利用率的同时可减轻环境污染.