中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应

通过对畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄参数的确定,估算了我国畜禽养殖业粪便产生量并对由此产生的环境效应进行了评价.结果表明,2003年我国畜禽养殖业共产生31.90亿t粪便,是当年工业产生固体废物的3.2倍;畜禽粪便及其中的氮、磷纯养分平均耕地负荷分别为24t/hm2,N107kg/hm2和P29kg/hm2.部分地区的畜禽养殖业已经对当地环境构成了污染.     

基于15N同位素技术的地下河硝酸盐污染来源对比——以重庆青木关地下河为例

根据2008年3~11月逐月对青木关北段地下河水质的监测,以及2010年6~11月逐月对青木关南段地下河水质的监测,利用15N同位素技术并结合水化学指标,分析地下河的水化学特征以及硝酸盐来源的时空变化特征。结果表明：在北段和南段地下河出口硝酸盐平均浓度分别为2035 mg/L和5077 mg/L,入口分别为320 mg/L和0842 mg/L,两段的硝酸盐平均浓度在出口处均比入口处高6倍多。此外,通过分析青木关整个地下河流域的SymboldA@15N空间分布情况,可以得出：南段地下河水中NO-3 δ15N值较高,且变化显著,最高值37825‰出现在9月21日丁家龙洞取样点,其硝酸盐来源可能是粪便和污水;而北段地下河水中NO-3 δ15N值都比较低,变化幅度较小,均未超过10‰,说明北段地下河水中硝酸盐的主要来源是土壤有机氮或农业氮肥     

SBBR工艺反硝化过程中N_2O和NO的产生情况

利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),以葡萄糖为碳源(COD为500 mg/L),考察了不同碳氮比(COD与TN之比)、不同电子受体(NO_2~-或NO_3~-)、不同投加方式(碳源与氮源同步投加或投加碳源60 min后再投加氮源的异步投加)对N_2O产生情况的影响,以及碳氮比为2时NO的产生情况。实验结果表明:不论同步投加还是异步投加,两种电子受体的N_2O-N生成率均随着碳氮比的增大而下降;不同碳氮比下,投加NO2-时的N_2O-N生成率均高于投加NO3-时,异步投加时的N_2O-N生成率均大于同步投加时。说明低碳氮比、高浓度NO2-和胞内贮存物作碳源是反硝化过程中N_2O产生和大量积累的关键因素。此外,NO2-为电子受体时的NO-N生成率高于NO3-为电子受体时。     

MEASURED AND CREAMS-PREDICTED NITROGEN LOSSES FROM TOMATO AND CORN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1

Nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from two tomato and four corn field plots were compared to model predictions by CREAMS, a field-scale model for Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems. The tomato treatments were (1) trickle irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N through the trickle irrigation system and (2) overhead sprinkler irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N in two equal sidedressings. The corn treatments consisted of multiple N applications, minimum tillage, and “conventional” management. Soil type appeared to influence the ability of CREAMS to predict seasonal trends and treatment influences. Model predictions for N losses from tomato and corn treatments that were located on sandy soils often disagreed with measured values. Treatment influences and seasonal trends for N losses from corn treatments that were located on a higher clay content soil were more satisfactorily predicted by CREAMS. Even though model input parameter estimation and measurement techniques may be imperfect, the simulation ability of CREAMS for predicting N leaching losses from systems on deep sands probably needs to be improved. Sensitivity analyses indicated that annual NC₃^?-N leaching loss predictions were either minimally or not affected by changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity. Input estimations of the fraction of soil pore space filled at field capacity and soil organic matter were inversely related to annual NO₃^?-N leaching losses, while potential mineralizable N was directly related to yearly N leaching losses.     

Dust Storm as an Environmental Problem in North China

Dust storms in north China, which are associated with land deterioration from increasing human pressures, have intensified over the past decades. Although synoptic meteorological conditions and sedimental environments dictate the occurrence of dust storms, their increase in frequency in north China due to human activities can be expected. Sand stabilization and control projects may be compromised by the pursuit of short-term economic returns and lack of systematic and integrated understanding of land degradation. Two actions are recommended as positive responses to escalating dust storms in north China. A policy of long-term ecologically sustainable development strategies is needed as well as a scientific research initiative combining biophysical and socioeconomic aspects.     

The UN climate change negotiations and the role of the United States: assessing American leadership from Copenhagen to Paris

The role of American leadership in the UN climate negotiations that produced the 2015 Paris Agreement is examined. First, United States (US) climate goals are identified. Then, utilizing unique survey data collected at eight UN climate summits between 2008 and 2015, the extent to which the US was recognized as a leader by potential followers is investigated. Finally, the extent to which US goals are reflected in negotiation outcomes is evaluated. Recognition of the US as a leader varied over time, peaking at the UN climate meetings in Copenhagen and Paris, reflecting US leadership in shaping the outcomes of both meetings. Although the results reveal a divided leadership landscape in which the US must compete for leadership with other actors, such as the European Union and China, US leadership was crucial to the successful adoption of the Paris Agreement.     

伊乐藻和氮循环菌技术对太湖氮素吸收和反硝化的影响

从太湖梅梁湾采集无扰动泥芯样,分别添加固定化氮循环细菌、水生植物伊乐藻建立室内微宇宙,模拟生态修复,探讨不同修复处理下,硝氮的去除机制.采用15N标记结合同位素配对技术测定了各生态模拟柱中的反硝化速率和植物吸收速率.结果表明,不同处理的实验柱反硝化速率差异明显,同时添加了水生植物和固定化氮循环细菌的实验柱反硝化速率最高,为99.35μmol·(m2·h)-1,植物氮吸收速率为36.55μg·(m2·h)-1.沉水植物伊乐藻在自身吸收氮素的同时也提高了耦合硝化反硝化的作用.与植物吸收相比,反硝化过程是主要的氮去除途径.沉水植物与固定化氮循环菌组合生态修复技术促进了湖泊水体氮素的脱除,起到了净化作用.     

大鼠全身曝露N,N-二甲基甲酰胺蒸汽后血液中N-甲基氨基甲酸硫酯动态研究

报道了经恒定气相浓度Ｎ,Ｎ－二甲基甲酰胺（ＤＭＦ）蒸汽曝露的雄性ＳＤ大鼠血液中以Ｓ－（Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酰）谷胱甘肽（ＳＭＧ）为代表的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯的代谢生成及体内消长．实验所用封闭曝露系统内ＤＭＦ蒸汽恒定浓度分别为φ＝２４×１０－６（直至４８ｈ）;φ＝８４×１０－６及φ＝２１３×１０－６（均为７２ｈ）．经（φ＝２４×１０－６）×２４ｈ处理后,大鼠血清中Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯达到稳态浓度４７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,当ＤＭＦ稳态蒸汽浓度φ＝８４×１０－６时,体内血清Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯稳态浓度为２２７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,在环境蒸汽浓度φ＜８４×１０－６时,大鼠体内Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯稳态浓度与环境中ＤＭＦ蒸汽浓度呈线性关系．所产生的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯类物质体内半衰期在２．２～２．８ｈ之间,体内半衰期值主要是由其生成速率决定的．高浓度ＤＭＦ（φ＝２１３×１０－６）的曝露并未导致体内产生可检出水平的Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯类物质,这可能是由于体内高浓度的ＤＭＦ对其本身代谢的抑制作用所致．     

不同氮磷水平下中肋骨条藻对营养盐的吸收及光合特性

研究了不同氮、磷水平下中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)对营养盐的吸收动力学、生长和光合作用特性，结果表明，培养基中氮或磷浓度的改变对中肋骨条藻比生长速率影响不大，各种条件下藻细胞的比生长速率约为1．51—1．60d^-1，其中，藻细胞在低氮条件下的比生长速率略高，为1．60d^-1；低氮和低磷条件下藻细胞稳定期的生物量明显下降，分别比中氮和高氮下减少了27％和41％，而比中磷和高磷减少了64％和65％,低营养源(低氮或低磷)状态下生长的藻细胞具有较低的单位细胞表示的光饱和的光合作用速率(Pm^cell)和光合效率(α^crll)。尽管在低氮或低磷条件下生长的藻细胞单位叶绿素a的含量较低，但具有较高的活性，以单位叶绿素a表示的光饱和的光合作用速率(Pm^chla)和光合效率(α^chla)均与高氮或高磷条件下生长的藻细胞相当，这可能是不同氮、磷水平下比生长速率差异不大的原因．中肋骨条藻细胞对氮和磷吸收的适当比值(N／P)为0．8-2．6．图3表4参17     

A Comparison of the Short-Term Dynamics of Soil “Damage” Due to Enhanced Nitrogen Deposition As Ammonium Sulphate Or Nitric Acid

An experiment has been conducted to contrast the effects of enhanced oxidised and reduced nitrogen deposition upon key chemical parameters in a Calluna moorland podzol. A 40 cm deep podzol profile, derived from granite, was reconstructed in one hundred 4.2 cm diameter cores. for 20 weeks, the cores were subjected twice weekly to simulated rainfall containing either twice ambient nitrogen deposition in Aberdeen, or further enhanced nitrogen (further 2- and 6-fold increases) as nitric acid or ammonium sulphate. to quantify the dynamics of soil change in each horizon, randomly selected cores were destructively analysed every two weeks and the soils analysed. Increased nitrogen inputs, regardless of form, substantially and immediately reduced surface soil pH_water via the mobile anion or salt effect. for the higher nitrogen treatments, the pH reduction was seen throughout the profile. Longer term soil acidification was also seen in the pH_{calcium chloride} results over the 20 weeks. at a given nitrogen deposition rate, the effects of ammonium sulphate and nitric acid on soil pH_{calcium chloride} were similar. the ammonium sulphate treatments were especially effective at reducing base saturation throughout much of the profile, the direct base cation leaching being associated with substantial ammonium accumulation. the results suggest that the direct base cation leaching caused by ammonium deposition needs to be considered when assessing atmospheric pollution “damage” to heathland soils.