两种介孔分子筛动态吸附VOCs的研究

采用模板剂法制备了孔道规整、大比表面积的2种介孔分子筛MCM-41和SBA-15,并以甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯为吸附对象,考察了介孔分子筛动态吸附VOCs的性能.结果表明,增加VOCs分子尺寸和浓度,降低床层温度可大幅提高介孔分子筛吸附性能.SBA-15由于介孔壁上的微孔结构适合吸附低浓度、小分子VOCs;MCM-41更适合吸附高浓度、大分子VOCs.TPD脱附试验表明,VOCs在介孔材料表面150℃下就能基本脱附完全.     

亚热带丘陵区绿狐尾藻人工湿地处理养猪废水氮磷去向

以亚热带丘陵区为研究区,采取野外定位观测的研究方法,选取耐高氮（N）、磷（P）的绿狐尾藻为湿地植物,建立稻草基质池+6级绿狐尾藻表面流湿地系统,湿地总面积1597 m²,水力负荷0.06~0.14 m·d^-1,水力停留时间31 d,研究此湿地系统对养猪废水（NH₄⁺-N：535.4~591.09 mg·L^-1、TN：682.09~766.96 mg·L^-1、TP：57.73~82.29 mg·L^-1和COD：918.4~1940.43 mg·L^-1）的治理效果,旨在为亚热带高负荷猪废水的生态治理提供参数依据.结果表明,湿地系统对NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP和COD的平均去除率为97.4%、97.1%、91.0%和90.2%,其中以CW1累积贡献率最大（37.3%、38.4%、43.3%和27.4%）.植物N、P吸收量在23.87~79.96 g·m^-2和5.34~18.98 g·m^-2之间,占湿地N、P去除量的19.1%和20.2%;底泥N、P吸附量在19.17~56.62 g·m^-2和10.59~26.62 g·m^-2之间,占去除量的19.8%和61.7%.湿地N、P去除率与影响因子间的关系表明,环境因子解释了湿地N、P去除率的79.9%和70.1%.其中,DO是湿地系统N去除的主要因子,底泥P吸附是P去除的关键.     

C/N比对厌氧颗粒污泥生理生化的影响

研究了进水的初始C/N对厌氧颗粒污泥发酵类型及产甲烷活性的影响.投加钼酸钠抑制产甲烷菌的一组实验主要研究产酸阶段C/N比对厌氧颗粒污泥的作用,发现初始C/N为12、56、156时,形成的是丁酸型发酵;当初始C/N为200时,可实现乙醇型发酵.不同的C/N比对产酸阶段微生物的胞外聚合物也有一定的影响.随着C/N比的减少,胞外聚合物的总量、胞外多糖以及胞外蛋白质都呈现先增大后减少的趋势,C/N比为56时达到最大值.未加钼酸钠的一组实验研究了C/N比对产甲烷活性的影响,发现C/N比为200时有最高的COD去除率和产甲烷活性;随着C/N比的减小胞外聚合物的总量先减少后增加,厌氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物在C/N比为200时总量达到最大值.在C/N比为156时胞外蛋白质达到最大值.通过红外光谱发现,C/N比对厌氧颗粒污泥表面基团也有一定的影响,C/N比为200时,出现1350~1260cm-1波段的峰.其他3种C/N比下无该波段的峰.     

15N Metabolic test for the determination of phytotoxic effects of chemicals and contaminated environmental samples

A stable isotope¹⁵N-nitrogen test (ESIMA = Ecotoxicological Stable Isotope Metabolic Assay) was developed to assess biological effects and the potential toxicological hazard of chemicals and contaminated environmental samples on plant metabolism. The assay measures the effect of toxicants on the incorporation of a¹⁵N labelled tracer into the total nitrogen fraction (both the nonprotein and protein fraction) of plants. Segments ofPisum arvense epicotyls are used as test substrates because of their high metabolic activity. The plant material is incubated under standardised conditions for two hours; subsequently¹⁵N incorporation is analysed by determining the¹⁵N abundance (¹⁵N atom-%) in the epicotyl segments. The effects of toxicants are evaluated by comparing the¹⁵N incorporation rates of control tissue and epicotyl segments exposed to individual chemicals or complex environmental samples. The specificity and sensitivity of effects as indicated by ESIMA were compared with effects as measured by two established ecotoxicological bioassays, the pollen tube growth test using pollen ofNicotiana sylvestris and the bacterial luminescence inhibition test using pollen ofPhotobacterium phosphoreum. The results of the study clearly indicate the suitability of ESIMA for assessing toxic impacts on plant nitrogen metabolism. Prof. Dr. habil. Hans Faust dedicated to his 70^th birthday.     

关于对流层大气N2O氮、氧稳定同位素负荷平衡的初步探讨

对流层大气Ｎ２Ｏ的氮、氧稳定同位素负荷由地表和海洋释放的富轻同位素的Ｎ２Ｏ与平流层回流的富重同位素的Ｎ２Ｏ来平衡,但Ｋｉｍ和Ｃｒａｉｇ的计算方案无法使之平衡＾〔１〕。笔者根据全球Ｎ２Ｏ释放源最近的年释放量估算值,对Ｋｉｍ和Ｃｒａｉｇ＾〔１〕的计算方案进行了初步改进,在考虑土壤Ｎ２Ｏ生成过程中氮、氧稳定同位素的分馏效应和氧同位素的纬度变化效应后,推论出全球Ｎ２Ｏ释放源最近的年释放量估算值能使对流层大     

农垦对草甸草原生态系统温室气体(CH4和N2O)的影响

2012~2013年在呼伦贝尔谢尔塔拉牧场对天然草甸草地和草地开垦农田后,不同农作物种植和管理措施下甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放进行了野外实地观测.结果表明,天然草甸草地和农田均为大气CH4的吸收汇、N2O的排放源.在生长季,天然草甸草地开垦增强了土壤的N2O排放量,但是对土壤CH4通量的影响却存在较大的不确定性.在相同的气象条件下,作物类型对生长季农田CH4和N2O排放通量都没有影响.在生长季,灌溉对干旱农田的CH4平均吸收通量没有显著影响,但降低了干旱农田N2O的平均排放通量.2012年和2013年农田CH4和N2O的差异主要是因为降雨量不同导致的年际差异.回归分析表明,N2O排放通量与土壤湿度呈线性相关,与土壤温度没有相关性,CH4的吸收通量与土壤温度呈线性相关,与土壤湿度呈线性负相关.土壤湿度是影响土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放的主要因素.     

Effects of ellagic acid on arylamine N‐acetyltransferase activity in human colon tumor cells

The inhibition of arylamine N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity by ellagic acid was determined in a human colon tumor (adenocarcinoma) cell line. Two assay systems were performed, one with cellular cytosols (9000g supernatant), the other with intact colon tumor cell suspensions. The NAT activity in a human colon tumor cell line was inhibited by ellagic acid in a dose‐dependent manner in both types of examined systems: i.e. the greater the concentration of ellagic acid in the reaction, the greater the inhibition of NAT activities in both systems. The data also indicated that ellagic acid decreased the apparent K _m and V _max of NAT enzymes from human colon tumor cells in both the systems examined. This report is the first demonstration which showed ellagic acid affect human colon tumor cell NAT activity.     

太湖地区稻作系统不同水体硝态氮同位素特征及污染源

为辨别稻作系统不同水体硝态氮来源,选择太湖地区典型稻作区域,应用硝态氮δ15N同位素技术,结合水化学方法(如NO3-, NH4+, TP, Cl-, SO42-),研究水稻施肥之前(4~5月),施肥期(6月),及施肥之后(7~8月)地表水和地下水硝态氮来源.结果表明,地表水和地下水硝态氮含量普遍较高.在施肥期,各水体硝态氮中δ15N均较低,表明该时期农业化肥是水体硝态氮的主要来源.在施氮前期,池塘水δ15N较低,其可能原因是受雨水的影响;而地下水δ15N较高,可能是水体发生了强烈的反硝化.在施肥后期,池塘水δ15N较高可能受养殖废水影响;地下水δ15N较低,可能受农田渗漏水的影响.河水和灌溉水硝态氮δ15N在各时期波动不大,其中河水硝态氮主要来源是生活污水和动物粪肥,但灌溉水硝态氮主要来源于雨水.本研究提出新的Cl-浓度和NO3-/Cl-物质的量比区间以辨别太湖地区水体硝态氮来源.     

COD/N与pH值对短程硝化反硝化过程中N2O产生的影响

利用SBR反应器,通过投加乙醇控制COD/N为0、1.5、3、4.5,调节pH值分别在6、7、8,反硝化初始投加NO2--N为30mg/L,考察了缺氧条件下COD/N与pH值对短程硝化反硝化过程中N2O产量的影响.结果表明:低COD/N可以造成N2O持续较高的逸出,N2O最大产生量为2.35mg/L;低pH值条件下增加了N2O的积累,pH值在6时的N2O积累量是pH在7、8时的800倍;高COD/N和高pH值下的N2O产生速率最小,而当pH=6,COD/N=0时,N2O产生速率最大,为2.35×10-3mgN/(mgMLSS?L?h).其原因是:N2O还原酶争夺电子的能力较弱,充足的电子供体有利于N2O的还原;低pH值可影响微生物的代谢,且在H+存在时产生的游离亚硝酸(HNO2)对N2O还原酶具有抑制作用.充足的碳源和碱性条件,是降低短程硝化反硝化过程中N2O产量的关键因素.     

Government green procurement spillovers: Evidence from municipal building policies in California

We study how government green procurement policies influence private-sector demand for similar products. Specifically, we measure the impact of municipal policies requiring governments to construct green buildings on private-sector adoption of the US Green Building Council?s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standard. Using matching methods, panel data, and instrumental variables, we find that government procurement rules produce spillover effects that stimulate both private-sector adoption of the LEED standard and investments in green building expertise by local suppliers. These findings suggest that government procurement policies can accelerate the diffusion of new environmental standards that require coordinated complementary investments by various types of private adopter.