Synthesis and enhanced visible-light responsive of C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres

C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres （labeled as C,N,S-THs） were synthesized using carbon spheres as template and C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 nanoparticles as building blocks. The structure and physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum （DRS）, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and Photoluminescence emission spectroscopy （PL）. The results showed that the hollow spheres had average diameter of about 200 nm and the shell thickness was about 20 nm. The tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres exhibited strong absorption in the visible-light region. C,N,S-tridoped could narrow the band gap of the THs by mixing the orbit O 2p with C 2p, N 2p and S 3p orbits and shift its optical response from ultraviolet （UV） to the visible-light region. PL analysis indicated that the electron-hole recombination rate of TiO2 hollow spheres had been effectively inhibited when doped with C, N and S elements. The photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated for the degradation of X-3B （Reactive Brilliant Red dye, C.I. Reactive Red 2） aqueous solution under visible-light （λ 〉 420 nm） irradiation. It was found that the C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres indicated higher photocatalytic activity than commercial P25 and the undoped counterpart photocatalyst.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被土壤N2O排放特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O的排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被区土壤在夏季 2个月内N2 O的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴天和雨天 ,苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量与温度有较好的响应关系 ,呈现单峰型变化趋势 ;但在雪天 ,与温度的变化不一致 ;苔藓、地衣这 2种不同的植被土壤N2 O排放通量日变化基本一致 ;温度是影响苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量季节变化的主要因子 ,同时还受降水的影响 ,干湿交替有利于N2 O的排放 ;苔藓土壤N2 O的排放总量为 3 .71 52kg ;地衣土壤N2 O的排放总量为 2 .53 4 4kg .由此可见 ,南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O排放量虽然很小 ,但仍起着大气N2 O源的作用     

Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area

Agricultural activities are the main source of non-point pollution in the Taihu Lake region, and therefore reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is imperative in this area. A two-year experiment was carried out in a paddy field of summer rice-winter wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake area, and the rice growing seasons were mainly concerned in this research. Grain yield, N accumulation at rice crucial stages, N use efficiency, as well as N losses via run off during rice growing season were determined under different N application rates. No significant differences were observed in grain yield under N fertilizer application rates of 135-270 kg N ha⁻¹ (50-100% of the conventional N application rate). Nitrogen accumulation before the heading stage (Pre-NA) accounted for 61-95% of total nitrogen absorption in mature rice, and was positively correlated with straw dry matter at harvest. Positive correlations were found between Pre-NA and straw (0.53, p < 0.05), and between grain yield and N accumulation after the heading stage (Post-NA) (0.58, p < 0.05), suggesting that increasing nitrogen accumulation after the heading stage is crucial for grain yield improvement. Poor agronomic efficiency of applied N (AE_N), partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP_N) and internal utilization efficiency of applied N (IE_N) were observed for the higher soil fertility and a higher N fertilizer input; a simple N fertilizer reduction could significantly increase the nitrogen use efficiency in this region. Nitrogen loss via runoff was positively linearly related to N application rates and severely affected by rainfall events. The highest-yielding N rates were around 232-257 kg N ha⁻¹, accounting for 86-95% of the conventional N application rates for the rice season. To reduce N losses and enhance N use efficiency, the recommendable N fertilization rate should be lower than that of the highest yield rate for rice season. Our findings indicated that nitrogen fertilizer reduction in the Taihu Lake area is feasible and necessary for maintaining grain yield, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency, and reducing environmental impact. However, the longer-term yield sustainability for the proper N application rate needs to be further investigated.     

聚丙烯酸钠(SP)保水剂对不同基质氮、磷、钾、钠淋溶的影响

保水剂正逐步运用于干旱半干旱地区的水土保持和节水农业中,而聚丙烯酸钠(SP)是其中一种重要的保水剂.为了弄清保水剂对元素淋溶的影响,进行了水解污泥、湖泊底泥、山地黄壤3种基质,4种SP添加比例(0、1.0%、2.5%、4.0%)的淋溶试验,并分析测定了淋溶液中的氮、磷、钾、钠.结果表明,添加SP使水解污泥、湖泊底泥和山地黄壤的氮总淋溶量分别增加了67.8%、37.0%和95.7%,磷总淋溶量分别增加了151%、436%和219%.3种基质氮淋溶量的分配相同,而磷淋溶量的分配不同,说明不同基质中淋溶氮的类型相同,淋溶磷的类型不同.添加SP使水解污泥钾的总淋溶量增加了大约19%,而对湖泊底泥钾的总淋溶量无显著影响,却使山地黄壤钾的淋溶量降低了约67%,SP对钾淋溶的影响效果受基质类型和SP本身所含钠的影响.不同基质钠淋溶量都随SP添加比例的增加而显著增加,但它们淋溶量的分配模式各不相同,说明不同基质钠的来源不同.水解污泥淋溶的钠主要来自基质本身钠的活化,湖泊底泥淋溶的钠主要来自基质的活化和SP中的钠,而山地黄壤淋溶的钠主要来自SP中的钠.总之,SP保水剂处理下的元素淋溶量及其分配受SP比例、基质类型和元素类型影响,使用SP保水剂既能活化基质的氮、磷等养分,有利于植物生长,也具有增加钠离子从而导致土壤碱化的风险.     

外加固体缓释碳源的两段反硝化工艺脱氮性能

传统生物脱氮工艺处理废水过程中,出水硝态氮（NO₃^--N）浓度过高是导致总氮（TN）超标的主要原因.通过采用外加碳源提高碳氮比（C/N）,强化反硝化过程可有效解决这一难题.利用基于两段反硝化工艺原理研发设计的一体化脱氮反应器,通过在第二段反硝化池投加聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）,采用扫描电子显微镜,对反硝化过程前后PBS材料进行表征,采用扩增子测序,深入探究投加PBS前后,第二段反硝化池中微生物群落结构变化.连续120 d的运行数据表明,COD去除率从95.7%降到90.8%,总氮去除率从51.8%提高到80%,Proteobacteria菌门相对丰富度从36.1%上升到46.1%,Thermomonas菌属相对丰富度从6.47%上升到13.48%.结果表明,投加PBS后,PBS不仅可以为反硝化作用提供碳源,其表面还可作为微生物生长附着的载体,起到良好的挂膜作用,同时提高了反硝化菌丰富度,强化了反硝化过程,脱氮性能明显增强,有效提高系统总氮去除率.     

移动床生物反应器处理低C/N比生活污水试验研究

通过移动床生物膜反应器处理低C/N比生活污水的试验研究,探讨了填料填充率、曝气量和水力停留时间对处理效果的影响,确定出了适合反应器的填充率为53%,最佳曝气量为0.07L/h,最佳水力停留时间为8h。在该实验条件下,COD平均去除率在85%左右,TN去除率最高为62%,平均生物浓度2.63mg/L,生物膜活性强,结果表明反应器对低C/N比生活污水有较好的处理效果。     

SBR系统中好氧颗粒污泥脱氮特性研究

以颗粒污泥为研究对象,在序批式反应器中研究了不同运行模式(有厌氧段和无厌氧段两种模式)和不同碳氮比(COD与NH₄⁺-N质量比取6、10、14)下,颗粒污泥对氨氮、总无机氮的去除情况.比较了2种运行模式应用于颗粒污泥脱氮中的差别和优劣.采用分段函数的方法对不同碳氮比下的氨氮去除曲线进行了分割,对曝气第一阶段(碳源富足阶段)和曝气第二阶段(碳源贫乏阶段)的氨氮去除曲线进行了拟合,发现其线性化特征明显.计算了不同碳氮比下曝气前后期氨氮去除速率,并简要分析了好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的作用机理.     

伊乐藻和氮循环菌技术对太湖氮素吸收和反硝化的影响

从太湖梅梁湾采集无扰动泥芯样,分别添加固定化氮循环细菌、水生植物伊乐藻建立室内微宇宙,模拟生态修复,探讨不同修复处理下,硝氮的去除机制.采用15N标记结合同位素配对技术测定了各生态模拟柱中的反硝化速率和植物吸收速率.结果表明,不同处理的实验柱反硝化速率差异明显,同时添加了水生植物和固定化氮循环细菌的实验柱反硝化速率最高,为99.35μmol·(m2·h)-1,植物氮吸收速率为36.55μg·(m2·h)-1.沉水植物伊乐藻在自身吸收氮素的同时也提高了耦合硝化反硝化的作用.与植物吸收相比,反硝化过程是主要的氮去除途径.沉水植物与固定化氮循环菌组合生态修复技术促进了湖泊水体氮素的脱除,起到了净化作用.     

基于同位素示踪和分子生物学技术对潮白河沉积物中氮还原功能特征的研究

沉积物氮还原功能对于调控和管理河流氮负荷具有重要作用.本研究选取潮白河不同区域河段表层沉积物作为研究对象,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术、16S rRNA扩增子测序和实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术,研究了潮白河沉积物中氮还原过程（反硝化、厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonia oxidation,anammox）和DNRA过程（dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,异化硝酸盐还原为铵））速率特征、相关功能基因丰度和微生物群落结构特征.结果表明：潮白河沉积物潜在反硝化、anammox、DNRA和N₂O释放速率分别为（25.82±0.98）~（142.32±17.06）、（0.58±0.10）~（4.51±0.78）、（2.91±0.46）~（19.59±4.15）和（-1.09±0.17）~（3.30±0.57）nmol·g^-1·h^-1（以N计,下同）.沉积物氮还原以反硝化过程为主（贡献率71.86%~91.65%）,DNRA也有较高的贡献率（7.03%~25.32%）,anammox过程贡献较小.相关分析表明,氮还原相关功能基因丰度与潮白河沉积物氮还原过程速率存在显著正相关关系,微生物群落中α-变形菌纲、硝基螺旋菌纲、疣微菌纲、脱硫杆菌门、硬壁菌门丰度与沉积物氮还原过程速率存在显著的相关关系.     

四种不同植物湿地对不同C/N比生活污水的净化效果与季节动态

进水浓度、C/N比、植物种类是影响垂直流型人工湿地对生活污水净化效果的重要因素.本文主要研究了菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、香蒲(Typha orientalis)、千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)和水葱(Scirpus Validus)等4种植物湿地在不同碳添加及C/N比处理条件下对模拟生活污水的净化效果和季节动态.结果表明,4种湿地植物在不同C/N比(2.5∶1、5∶1和10∶1)进水条件下均能正常生长.在一个生长季内4种湿地植物对主要污染物的平均去除效率为:COD 63.41%~78.02%,TN 33.19%~52.86%,TP 52.64%~73.16%.当C/N为5∶1时,香蒲湿地的COD和TP去除效果最佳,而当C/N为2.5∶1时,菖蒲湿地的TN去除率最高.夏末秋初(7—9月)人工湿地的净化效果较好,而冬季(11月—翌年1月)去除效果明显下降.总体而言,合理地调控进水浓度、C/N比,选择最佳的湿地植物,可显著提高垂直流型人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果.