南昌市PM2.5中结合氨基酸的浓度组成及来源

采集了春季南昌市城市和森林地区的大气PM_2.5样品及潜在大气氨基酸排放源（植物和土壤）样品,测定并分析了样品中结合氨基酸（CAAs）的浓度、组成及甘氨酸（Gly）的氮同位素值.结果表明,城市和森林地区PM_2.5中总CAAs的浓度分别为0.507~3.912和0.497~2.647nmol/m³.通过对PM_2.5中CAAs组成占比分析发现,城市和森林地区CAAs组成成分相似,其中Pro、Gly、Ala、Leu和His是PM_2.5中丰富的CAAs物种.结合Gly的氮同位素值可知,城市地区（+0.62‰~+22.67‰）和森林地区（+1.99‰~+23‰） PM_2.5中δ¹⁵N_C-Gly值表现出较大的变化范围.根据大气CAAs潜在排放源δ¹⁵N值清单,本研究中生物质燃烧、土壤源和植物源是PM_2.5中CAAs的主要来源.贝叶斯稳定同位素模型计算源分配结果表明生物质燃烧、土壤源和植物源对城市地区PM_2.5中CAAs的平均贡献为42%、40%和18%,对森林地区PM_2.5中CAAs的平均贡献为38%、38%和24%.     

One-pot molten salt method for constructing CdS/C3N4 nanojunctions with highly enhanced photocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction

The construction of heterojunction photocatalysts for efficiently utilizing solar energy has attracted considerable attention to solve the energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution. In this study, we use the energy released from an easily-occurred exothermic chemical reaction to serve as the drive force to trigger the formation of Cd S and C₃N₄ nanocomposites which are successfully fabricated with cadmium nitrate and thiourea without addition of any solvents and prot...     

N-doped CoAl oxides from hydrotalcites with enhanced oxygen vacancies for excellent low-temperature propane oxidation

A series of nitrogen-doped CoAlO (N-CoAlO) were constructed by a hydrothermal route combined with a controllable NH₃ treatment strategy. The effects of NH₃ treatment on the physico-chemical properties and oxidation activities of N-CoAlO catalysts were investigated. In comparison to CoAlO, a smallest content decrease in surface Co³⁺ (serving as active sites) while a largest increased amount of surface Co²⁺ (contributing to oxygen species) are obtained over N-CoAlO/4h among the N-CoAlO catalysts. Meanwhile, a maximum N doping is found over N-CoAlO/4h. As a result, N-CoAlO/4h (under NH₃ treatment at 400°C for 4 hr) with rich oxygen vacancies shows optimal catalytic activity, with a T₉₀ (the temperature required to reach a 90% conversion of propane) at 266°C. The more oxygen vacancies are caused by the co-operative effects of N doping and suitable reduction of Co³⁺ for N-CoAlO/4h, leading to an enhanced oxygen mobility, which in turn promotes C₃H₈ total oxidation activity dominated by Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Moreover, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTs) analysis shows that N doping facilities the decomposition of intermediate species (propylene and formate) into CO₂ over the catalyst surface of N-CoAlO/4h more easily. Our reported design in this work will provide a promising way to develop abundant oxygen vacancies of Co-based catalysts derived from hydrotalcites by a simple NH₃ treatment.     

中国农田N2O排放的分析估算与减缓对策

介绍了 2种不同方法分析估算的中国农田 N2 O的排放结果 ,并讨论了减缓农田 N2 O排放的对策。用田间测量数据和 IPCC第二阶段方法学估算的中国农田 1995年 N2 O的直接排放量 (以 N计 )分别为 398和 336Gg。应用 IPCC第二阶段方法学分别计算了 194 9年等 10个年份进入中国农田的不同氮源的数量变化 ,表明化学氮肥施用量的增加是中国农田 N2 O排放量逐年上升的主要因素。田间观测结果表明 ,水田是 N2 O不可忽视的源。中国水田 N2 O排放量约占中国农田总排放量的 2 2 % ,水稻生长季水田 N2 O排放量约占农田总排放量的 9%。根据中国农作制 ,施肥和农田水分管理方面的特点 ,调整 N∶P∶ K肥料的比率 ,缩小全国氮肥施用量的地区性差异及应用硝化抑制剂和包膜缓释氮肥 ,将有助于减少农田 N2 O的排放量。     

南河底泥中微量镉的催化极谱测定

本文提出了一种新的碘化钾—苯并—15—冠—5—镉络合体系作基质,以极谱催化波测定痕量镉。峰电位在—0.8伏左右,检测限为2ppb,镉浓度与峰高在4—100ppb范围内呈线性关系。方法简单快速,且选择性好。镉浓度在7.5ppb,变异系数为2.6％,回收率为97.5—110％,用该法与常规AAS法对成都南河底泥中微量镉进行对比分析,获得了同样准确的结果。     

SPRING RUNOFF AND DRAINAGE N AND P LOSSES FROM HOG-MANURED CORN1

ABSTRACT: A two-year study was conducted to assess the effect of hog manure on the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff and drainage from grain-corn (Zea mays L.) plots, and the importance of spring versus annual loads. Treatments consisted of mineral N-P-K fertilizer applied at rates of 152 kg N ha^-1, 35 kg P ha^-1, and 86 kg K ha^-1; and hog (Sus scrofa domestica L.) manure applied preplant or post-emergence (six-to-eight leaf stage), at 152 kg N ha^-1, 39 kg P ha^-1, and 112 kg K ha^-1. The plots were rototilled (7 cm depth) in spring to incorporate fertilizer and preplant hog manure, and fall chisel-plowed (15 cm depth) to incorporate chopped corn residues. They were arranged in a completely randomized plot design. Flow volumes and nutrient levels in runoff and drainage waters were monitored year round but occurred mainly during the snowmelt (March 25-April 9), and post.snowmelt (April 10-May 13) periods. Of the total amount of water lost during snowmelt, 90 percent was in runoff, while 92 percent occurred as drainage in the post-snowmelt period. Sixty-five percent of the total annual volume of water lost was lost during these two periods as runoff and drainage. Treatments did not affect the annual snowmelt or post-snowmelt N and P loads. Total annual loads averaged 8.0 kg TKN ha^-1, 1.8 kg NH₄-N ha^-1, 43 kg NO₃-N ha^-1, 0.4 kg TP ha^-1, and 0.15 kg PO₄-P ha^-1. Spring (snowmelt and ost-snowmelt) runoff and drainage loads averaged 2.9 kg TKN ha^-1, 1.2 kg NH₄-N ha^-1, 18 kg NO₃-N ha^-1, 0.25 kg TP ha^-1, and 0.04 kg PO₄-P ha^-1, which were 40 percent to 70 percent of the yearly nutrient loads. Therefore, the hog manure management systems examined were of no greater threat to the environment than mineral fertilizers. However, spring N and P losses do represent an important part of the annual nutrient loss budget, even with conservation practices.     

Aquatic Resource Conservation. The first Yangtze finless porpoise successfully born in captivity (4 pp)

Background As the sole freshwater subspecies of finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), the Yangtze finless porpoise (N. p. asiaeorientalis) lives only in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its appended Poyang and Dongting Lakes. As a result of human activity on the river, including over and illegal fishing, pollution, transportation and dam construction, the population of Yangtze finless porpoises has been steadily and rapidly decreasing during the past several decades, which leads the animal to be endangered. Methods For saving this unique animal from extinction, three corresponding measures, in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, and intensifying breeding research in captivity, were proposed and have been implemented since the 1980s. Results After successfully rearing the animals in captivity for almost nine years, the first Yangtze finless porpoise was successfully born in captivity on July 5, 2005. The calf is male, with a body length of 69cm. This is the first freshwater cetacean ever born in captivity. Conclusion The successful birth of this calf confirms that it is possible to breed the Yangtze finless porpoise in captivity. Furthermore, this will greatly benefit the conservation efforts, and also greatly bolster our on-going efforts to study the reproductivebiology of these animals. Recommendation More studies and efforts are expected to establish a sustainable, captive colony of the Yangtze finless porpoise, which will not only greatly expand our knowledge about the reproduction biology of this animal, but also help to redeem the wild population through a careful yearly 'soft releasing' process.     

熔盐法制备K+-g-C3N4及其光催化降解有机污染物性能

采用熔盐法制备了能级位置可控的钾离子掺杂石墨相氮化碳催化剂（g-C₃N₄）,并考察了其在可见光下降解罗丹明B（RhB）性能.采用XRD、UV-Vis、XPS、N₂吸附、PL、EIS等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,钾离子的引入降低了催化剂粒径尺寸,提高了比表面积,改善了光生电子-空穴对的分离效率.不仅如此,通过控制钾离子掺杂量可以实现催化剂的能级位置在一定范围内的任意调变,使有机污染物的氧化降解反应从·O₂^-单一氧化剂反应变成·OH和·O₂^-双氧化剂反应,大大提高了降解率.制备的钾离子掺杂g-C₃N₄的RhB降解速率常数达到0.022min^-1,是纯g-C₃N₄的5倍.不仅如此,通过对能级位置的调控,制备的催化剂对其他多种有机污染物如甲基蓝,苯酚等的降解率也有显著提高.     

电解强化人工湿地处理低碳氮比污水的效能及机制

针对人工湿地对低碳氮污水处理效果差这一问题,本研究构建了电解强化潮汐流人工湿地系统,通过对比电解强化前后湿地系统脱氮除磷的效果,从微生物群落结构及污染物电化学去除机制等角度揭示电解潮汐流人工湿地强化脱氮脱磷的机制.研究结果表明：电解潮汐流人工湿地对废水中NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP的去除率（分别为88.30%、82.10%和87.74%）均高于未强化的湿地系统.纯电解过程对氨氮的去除没有影响,但是对硝态氮具有还原作用.相比于未强化的湿地系统,电解潮汐流人工湿地阳极附近基质中含有更多的铁氧键、磷氧键、羟基聚合铁等含磷沉淀物,细菌群落结构更为丰富多样,异养反硝化细菌和基于氢气的自养反硝化细菌（Rhodoblastus）丰度都较高,从而实现氮磷的高效同步去除.     

典型湿地环境条件下Shewanella介导N2O产生机制及意义

利用湿地中高丰度的代表性反硝化菌Shewanella denitrificans,文章通过批式实验,探究典型湿地环境条件下pH和C/N对微生物反硝化排放N_2O的影响和机制。结果表明,在典型湿地环境条件下,S. denitrificans介导的反硝化均能排放N_2O温室气体。其中,当C/N为7.5或75时N_2O排放速率最快,比最低排放速率高出约54%。当pH为5.5时,N_2O排放速率较pH为6.5时增加约67%。不同pH和C/N条件下N_2O的排放差异可能主要由p H差异导致,或p H和C/N差异共同所致。双因素方差分析结果表明,pH和C/N不仅分别显著影响N_2O排放,并且两者对N_2O排放具有显著的交互影响。这些发现为湿地生态系统N_2O排放的模型构建和评估预测提供了科学依据。