Interactive effects of O3 exposure on California black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newb.) seedlings with and without N amendment

We examined the short-term separate and combined effects of simulated nitrogen (N) deposition (fertilization) and ozone (O(3)) exposure on California black oak seedlings (Quercus kelloggii Newb.), an ecologically important tree of the San Bernardino Mountains downwind of Los Angeles. Realistic concentrations of O(3) were found to cause statistically and biologically significant negative effects on plant health, including lowered photosynthetic ability, lowered water use efficiency, and increased leaf chlorosis and necrosis. When subjected to abrupt changes in light levels, O(3)-exposed plants showed both a slower and smaller response than O(3)-free plants. Fertilized plants exhibited a significantly greater pre- to post-treatment decline in A at saturated [CO(2)] and a significantly lower level of post-treatment chlorosis than unfertilized plants. Fertilization tended to reduce plant sensitivity to O(3).     

Base cation depletion, eutrophication and acidification of species-rich grasslands in response to long-term simulated nitrogen deposition

Pollutant nitrogen deposition effects on soil and foliar element concentrations were investigated in acidic and limestone grasslands, located in one of the most nitrogen and acid rain polluted regions of the UK, using plots treated for 8-10years with 35-140kg Nha(-2)y(-1) as NH(4)NO(3). Historic data suggests both grasslands have acidified over the past 50years. Nitrogen deposition treatments caused the grassland soils to lose 23-35% of their total available bases (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) and they became acidified by 0.2-0.4 pH units. Aluminium, iron and manganese were mobilised and taken up by limestone grassland forbs and were translocated down the acid grassland soil. Mineral nitrogen availability increased in both grasslands and many species showed foliar N enrichment. This study provides the first definitive evidence that nitrogen deposition depletes base cations from grassland soils. The resulting acidification, metal mobilisation and eutrophication are implicated in driving floristic changes.     

伯胺N1923萃取一元有机酸的研究

考察了伯胺Ｎ１９２３对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸以氯乙酸、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸等一元有机酸的萃取、萃取反应属离子缔合机理,有机相中主要生成１：１的萃合物。探讨了有机酸种类、稀释剂性质、温度和无机盐等对萃取的影响。     

冬闲水田土壤——一个重要的尚未确定的N2O释放源

通过对土壤N₂0生成机理和影响因素、冬闲田土壤中碳氮营养基质积累、N₂0强烈脉冲释放和冬闲田分布面积的分析,提出北半球热带－亚热带地区冬闲田可能是一个重要的尚未确定的N₂0释放源。粗略估计N₂0(以N₂0—N计)年释放量为0.75 Tg。      

亚铁对水平潜流人工湿地反硝化作用的影响

亚铁离子可以作为电子供体参与反硝化作用,某些微生物可以通过氧化亚铁离子还原硝酸盐,从而去除污水中的硝态氮.本研究通过在潜流人工湿地中添加Fe2+,分析不同初始Fe2+浓度对反硝化过程的强化效果及不同C/N对Fe2+参与反硝化作用的影响.结果表明,Fe2+的添加可以显著提高人工湿地反硝化能力,进水NO-3-N为30 mg·L-1、C/N为2、水力停留时间为1 d,添加45 mg·L-1Fe2+的人工湿地中硝氮去除率可以提高24%;硝氮去除率随初始Fe2+浓度的增加而增加.C/N与初始Fe2+浓度对反硝化作用都具有显著影响且两者具有交互作用,碳源的存在可以促进Fe2+参与的反硝化作用.     

温度和C/N比对生物膜反硝化速率的影响

温度和C/N比是影响生物反硝化速率的2个重要参数,以反硝化生物膜为对象,研究了温度和C/N比对生物膜反硝化速率的影响.实验结果表明,生物膜在25 ℃下的反硝化速率要比13 ℃下的大;C/N比越高生物膜反硝化速率越大.     

循环流化床二段燃烧燃煤过程中NO和N2O生成与控制研究

在小型石英循环流化床燃煤装置上,进行NO和N₂O生成与控制研究?研究结果表明:随着二次空气率的提高,NO明显下降,二次风口的位置高,NO的下降速率明显一些;随着二次空气率的提高,N₂O开始升高,但升高到一定程度后,随着二次空气率的提高,反而开始下降?此外,二次风口的位置高,N₂O随二次风变化曲线的上升段和下降段的斜率都略大?      

武汉东湖沉积物氮磷形态垂向分布研究

以武汉东湖为研究对象,分析并比较了3个采样点柱状沉积物中各种形态氮、磷的垂向分布,并结合pH进行了研究.结果表明:东湖沉积物pH小于上覆水中pH并随沉积物深度增加呈下降趋势.总氮与总磷均为处于湖湾区的1号点最高,2号点湖心最低,3号点居中.氨氮和硝酸盐氮也表现为1号点远远大于2号点和3号点.随着近年治污力度的加大,1号点的氮磷水平呈下降趋势,但是3号点受面源污染影响,氮、磷水平上升很快,甚至在表层已经和1号点持平.磷虽然仍然是东湖最主要的限制性营养元素,但受硝化与反硝化作用及聚磷菌的影响,近20a来,东湖沉积物总氮含量下降很大,氮磷比仅为3左右.     

土壤中硫化物预处理方法的改进

通过对土壤中硫化物测定预处理方法━━━━氮气吹气法的试验装置、预处理酸度、温度、吹气时间及载气速度等条件的研究和改进。以多孔吹球代替单孔吹管 ,在土壤的水溶液中加入NaOH、EDTA和Vc ,以NaOH -EDTA -TEA(三乙醇胺)代替Zn(Ac)2-NaAc为吸收液 ,并采取了逐步加压吹气方法 ,通过对回收率、精密度及底泥对比试验 ,效果提高显著 ,回收率由原方法的40%～60 %提高到90 %以上 ,吹气时间缩短了20 % ,装置简单 ,便于推广应用。     

ESTABLISHING POLLUTANT LOAD REDUCTION TARGETS FOR THE INIIAN RWER LAGOON,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT. Establishment of seagrass‐based pollutant load reduction targets is a major aim of water quality management in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) estuary. It is believed that light and water clarity are the limiting factors affecting seagrass abundance and distribution in the Lagoon. Thus, targeted reductions of nutrients, dissolved organic matter and for suspended sediments should achieve desired seagrass coverage goals. On an annual average, the Lagoon is receiving external loadings of 5,346, 771, and 54,408 metric tons per year of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively. Most of the loadings are stormwater generated; thus, implementation of reduction targets will key in on major urban and agricultural stormwater systems. The process of developing targets requires the establishment of light requirements for seagrass. Two methods are being employed to develop such targets. One method is the application of a predictive, 3‐D model that accounts for the essential interactive processes of the Lagoon: hydrology, hydrodynamics, water quality, nutrient uptake/release, seagrass growth rates, and light attenuation. The other method is based simply on the comparison of loading rates between a developed sub‐basin with associated seagrass impacts and an undeveloped sub‐basin with adjacent healthy seagrass coverages. The latter method will provide the initial and preliminary targets that can be tested, confirmed, or modified by application of the 3‐D model.