复合生物滤池处理H2S和NH3的研究:生物相机理分析

采用天然斜发沸石和木屑作为复合生物滤池(生物滴滤池+生物过滤池)的填料,研究了该工艺处理含H₂S和NH₃混合恶臭气体的生物相机理.结果表明:生物滴滤池中形成了由细菌、藻类及原生动物组成的复杂生态系统,而生物过滤池中真菌为优势微生物.生物滴滤池的下层优势菌种主要为葡萄球菌属和球形芽孢杆菌等细菌,中层主要为梨形四膜虫属和肾形虫属,上层主要为钟虫和舟形藻属;生物过滤池优势菌种主要是聚多曲霉菌种.据对复合生物滤池的生物相机理探讨推论,生物滴滤池去除H₂S和NH₃机理主要是生物链的分级捕食和沸石的吸附-生物再生机理;生物过滤池去除H₂S和NH₃机理主要是真菌降解.因此,通过控制生物滴滤池和生物过滤池处于不同的环境条件,可使复合生物滤池能高效地同时处理H₂S和NH₃组成的混合恶臭气体.      

The impact on tropospheric ozone formation on the implementation of a program for mobile emissions control: a case study in São Paulo,Brazil

The main sources of reactive hydrocarbons (RHC) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x), ozone precursors, in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) in the southeast of Brazil are emissions from vehicles fleets. Ambient surface ozone and particulate matter concentrations are air quality problem in the MASP. This study examined the impact that implementing a control program for mobile emissions has on ozone concentrations, An episode of high surface ozone concentrations occurring in the MASP during the March 13–15, 2000 period was used as a case study that was modeled for photochemical oxidants using the California Institute of Technology/Carnegie Mellon University three-dimensional photochemical model. Different scenarios were analyzed in relationship to the implementation of the Programa Nacional de Controle de Poluição por Veículos Automotores (PROCONVE, National Program to Control Motor Vehicle Pollution). Scenario 1 assumed that all vehicles were operating within PROCONVE guidelines. Scenarios 2 and 3 considered hypothetical situations in which the PROCONVE was not implemented. Scenario 2 set the premise that vehicles were using pre-1989 technology, whereas scenario 3 allowed for technological advances. A base case scenario, in which the official emission inventory for the year 2000 was employed, was also analyzed. The CIT model results show agreement with most measurements collected during 13–15 March 2000 modeling episode. Mean normalized bias for ozone, CO, RHC and NO _x are approximately 9.0, 6.0, ?8.3, 13.0%, respectively. Tropospheric ozone concentrations predicted for scenario 2 were higher than those predicted for scenarios 1, 3 and base case. This study makes a significant contribution to the evaluation of air quality improvement and provides data for use in evaluating the economic costs of implementing a program of motor vehicle pollution control aimed at protecting human health.     

发展阻燃型HIPS纳米复合材料的研究

本文运用一步熔融共混法制备了含有十溴联苯醚（DBDPO）或十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）和C16改性蒙脱土（MMT）的高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）复合材料,并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、UL 94垂直燃烧和锥型量热等试验手段对其燃烧性能和相态进行了表征.结果标明,DBDPO/E存在时仍可获得具有插层结构的HIPS纳米复合材料.由于十溴和蒙脱土两种体系间的良好协同效应,这些材料的阻燃性提高、燃烧后的热释放速率下降.文中对其潜在机理进行了探讨.这种协同效应可用于指导发展环保性和阻燃性兼顾的HIPS纳米复合材料.     

三种铜缓蚀剂抗H2S腐蚀性能研究

研究了BTA,MBI,MBT等3种铜缓蚀剂在H2S环境中的缓蚀性能,采用量子化学研究方法对实验结果进行了分析,研究了苯三唑在铜表面所形成的配合物保护膜的稳定性。结果表明,MBT抗H2S腐蚀性能较差,BTA是铜及其合金在H2S环境中理想的接触缓蚀剂和气相缓蚀剂。     

典型工业沿海区域的大气环境腐蚀性评价

目的 利用现役金属材料对工业沿海区域所处不同大气环境进行环境腐蚀性评价,并研究不同金属材料的腐蚀行为差异性,探讨工业沿海大气环境下金属材料的耐蚀性选择。方法 在不同大气环境下,选择现役金属材料Q235、16MnNi和L415开展1 a的户外曝晒试验,并利用质量损失分析、扫描电镜等手段,通过对金属基材进行腐蚀机理研究,评价大气环境的腐蚀性。结果 Q235、16MnNi和L415等3种钢在不同区域沿海工业大气环境下的腐蚀行为受大气腐蚀环境的影响较大,腐蚀产物中含有一定量的Cl和S。同种金属材料表面锈层的特殊结构,使得其基体与大气环境中的腐蚀因子相接触,引发了金属材料在不同大气腐蚀环境中不同腐蚀行为的差异性。结论 工业沿海区域的大气环境中,大气腐蚀性差异由酸循环腐蚀机制形成。3种钢材在腐蚀初期,由于锈层多孔隙结构和可溶性腐蚀产物形成,加重了腐蚀程度。黄岛区域、曹妃甸区域、岚山区域和湛江区域的大气腐蚀等级分别为C2、C3、C2、C3级。     

Fe2O3纳米棒的制备及其H2S气敏性能研究

为快速检测H2S泄漏,以一步水热法制备的Fe2O3纳米棒为基础,制备了H2S气体传感器。研究表明,该传感器在300℃工作温度下对10μmol/mol的H2S的灵敏度为2左右,响应时间为12s左右,恢复时间约4s。而且该传感器具有优异的稳定性和选择性,对CH4、CO等多种气体响应较差,适合用于长时间快速检测H2S气体的泄漏。     

基于AGRI颗粒物浓度遥感反演及季节变化分析

基于AGRI数据反演区域PM_2.5浓度.利用6S辐射传输模式,分析气溶胶光学厚度AOD与能见度相关性,建立AOD、气溶胶标高和能见度模型;通过对大气柱AOD垂直订正,构建AOD与近地面PM_2.5浓度关系的物理模型;同时引入了地面相对湿度数据.结果表明,FY-4A遥感的PM_2.5浓度与地面空气质量监测站的PM_2.5浓度变化趋势一致,算法计算效率较高.利用AGRI估算近地面PM_2.5与地面观测网对比分析,其结果不亚于于MODIS以及VIIRS的对比结果,AGRI估算的均方根误差和相对误差较小.从季节分析,冬季近地面颗粒物浓度是影响整层大气柱AOD值的主要因素,AGRI反演结果精度较好,夏季相关系数相对于其他三个季节偏低.总体而言,采用FY-4A/AGRI反演颗粒物浓度精度可靠,有利于实现区域气溶胶全天候实时监测.     

寡养单胞菌对S2-氧化特性及主要代谢途径

以无机硫（S²）^-为目标污染物,从北京东沙河黑臭水体筛选出一株能够高效氧化S^2-的土著硫氧化菌,并对其进行16S rRNA测序及生理生化特性鉴定,结果表明,该菌株属于寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）,命名为Stenotrophomonas sp.sp3.菌株sp3在温度25℃,初始pH值7.0,初始葡萄糖浓度0.25%,初始菌浓度1.00g/L时,菌株sp3对S^2-的氧化率最高.在此适宜条件下,反应60h后,菌株sp3对S^2-的最高氧化率达到86.6%.S^2-的浓度在整个氧化过程中持续下降后保持稳定,在此过程中产生了S⁰,S₂O₃^2-,SO₃^2-以及SO₄^2-这4种其它存在形态的硫.随着S^2-被氧化,SO₄^2-的浓度呈缓慢上升的趋势.利用高通量测序技术推测菌株sp3主要是通过副球菌硫氧化途径（PSO）将非稳定态的S^2-逐步转化为稳定态的SO₄^2-.在此代谢途径中,一部分S^2-被氧化为S⁰,另一部分S^2-则直接氧化为SO₃^2-;S⁰与SO₃^2-可自发反应生成S₂O₃^2-,而S₂O₃^2-发生歧化反应再释放出SO₃^2-和S⁰;反应生成的部分SO₃^2-继续直接氧化为SO₄^2-.菌株sp3在黑臭水体的水质净化过程中有一定的应用前景.     

辽河口芦苇湿地细菌和古菌群落周期日变化特征

采用实时荧光定量PCR和Illumina高通量测序技术对秋季辽河口芦苇湿地水体中一昼夜细菌和古菌群落特征进行了研究.测序共获得52802条细菌和106091条古菌高质量序列,以97%的相似性聚类并抽平后共划分了530和979个OTU.结果表明,湿地水体中浮游细菌和古菌群落丰度均在早上达到最高值,夜晚达到最低值.细菌和古菌群落多样性指数均存在周期日变化,不同时间细菌和古菌群落结构和组成具有显著差异.此外,古菌群落组成特征表明辽河口芦苇湿地具有较高的潜在甲烷生成能力.本研究为进一步认识河口湿地细菌和古菌群落特征和功能奠定了基础.     

Evaluation of bacterial pathogen diversity, abundance and health risks in urban recreational water by amplicon next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR

The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing(NGS) showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) of Escherichia coli(uid A),Aeromonas(aer A),M.avium(16S r RNA),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(oaa) and Salmonella(inv A) showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10~(4–6) genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment(QMRA) showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR.