鄱阳湖流域千年旱涝变化特点及R/S分析

为揭示鄱阳湖流域旱涝变化规律,预测未来变化,搜集整理了鄱阳湖流域地方志、奏折等古文献记载的旱涝记录,根据灾害现象、灾害后果、救灾情况等综合研判旱涝等级。对1160~1950s旱涝频次序列进行了变化周期分析。采用了R/S方法分析了年代际旱涝频次的Hurst指数,结合变化周期分析结果,对1950s以后鄱阳湖流域的旱涝频次变化趋势进行预测,采用基于1951~2010年器测降水量的SPI指数进行验证。研究结果表明:1160~1940s鄱阳湖流域及各子流域的干旱、洪涝频次呈波动变化,周期性变化明显,干旱、洪涝的3~6个年代周期段在整个时段内均非常显著,通过了95%的信度检验;鄱阳湖流域及各子流域的年代际干旱频次的Hurst指数普遍在0.7~0.8之间,洪涝在0.8~0.9之间。预测1950s后鄱阳湖流域年代际旱涝频次整体变化将呈阶段性上升趋势,经验证预测结果与实况较为吻合。     

生态修复工程对城市内河水体细菌多样性的影响

微生物是城市内河生态系统的重要组成部分,其多样性与水环境密切相关。以16S rRNA基因作为原核细菌分子标记,应用PCR-DGGE、定量PCR、克隆和测序方法,分析经生态修复工程处理后不同污染程度的城市内河水体细菌多样性特征。结果表明:生态修复工程明显提高了污染程度较低水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(CODMn)的消减能力,影响着城市内河水体中细菌群落的组成和含量,且随时间和空间不同而不同;生态修复工程显著地提高了重度污染水体细菌的含量;冗余分析(RDA)表明,水体中细菌群落组成与CODMn、TP和溶解氧(DO)等指标密切相关。     

高效氯氰菊酯降解菌群的结构分析及其降解特性研究

以连作10年以上的棉田土壤为材料,以高效氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源,驯化获得能稳定传代并持续降解高效氯氰菊酯的LZ1菌群,对菌群中可培养的细菌进行分离鉴定,最后对其降解高效氯氰菊酯的特性进行分析。结果表明,LZ1菌群中可分离、纯化优势菌株12株,经16SrRNA序列分析,其中10株与铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)相似性达99%,1株与无色杆菌(Achromobacter mucicolens)相似性达99%。高效氯氰菊酯最佳反应条件为高效氯氰菊酯初始质量浓度250mg/L、温度27℃、pH7.0、装样量200mL。在最佳反应条件下培养的LZ1菌群24h时对高效氯氰菊酯的降解率可达68.81%,132h时的降解率可达92.39%,且LZ1菌群对高效氯氰菊酯的4种异构体没有明显的降解特异性。     

Comparative toxicities of the polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and biphenyl (PCB) mixtures which persist in Yusho victims

The toxic Yusho oil contained a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which were contaminated by other halogenated aromatics including the highly toxic polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). It has been reported that the PCBs and PCDFs which persist in the liver of victims still suffering from Yusho poisoning include the following compounds; 2,3′,4,4′,5-penta-,2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-,2,2′,3′,4,4′,5- and 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexa, 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′- and 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5-heptachlorobiphenyls and the 2,3,7,8-tetra-, 1,2,4,7,8-, 1,2,3,7,8- and 2,3,4,7,8-penta- and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofurans. All of these PCBs and PCDFs have been synthesized and reconstituted to approximate their composition in human liver. A comparison of the dose-response effects of the reconstituted PCB and PCDF mixtures in causing weight loss, thymic atrophy and the induction of cytochrome P-448-dependent monooxygenases indicated that the PCDF mixture was at least 700 times more active than the PCBs. Since the ratio of PCBs/PCDFs persisting in Yusho patients' blood and liver was less than 600:1 and 5:1 respectively, the results suggest that the PCDFs are the major etiologic agent in Yusho poisoning.     

菲降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解酶基因的研究

经过富集从活性污泥中筛选出两株菲降解菌WSCII和WSCIII,经16SrDNA鉴定,它们分别属于鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonassp. )和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonassp. ),在28℃下4d内对菲( 0. 6g/L)的降解率分别达到了70. 9%和78. 1%;在LB、萘和菲为碳源的培养条件下,测得菌体的双加氧酶比活力不同.在菲的诱导下,两株菌的双加氧酶比活力最高,而以LB和萘为碳源时酶的比活力较低,其中WSCII在萘中不能生长;这表明该酶在两菌中皆为底物诱导表达.以其它菌的萘双加氧酶基因大亚基片段做模板制备异源探针,与两菌总DNA进行斑点杂交;结果表明,这两株菌可能含有不同的菲双加氧酶基因.利用简并引物进行PCR扩增菲双加氧酶,结果仅能从WSCIII的总DNA中扩增得到目的片段,序列分析证明,该基因与已报道的(P. putidaNCIB9816 -4, AF491307 )双加氧酶同源性最高为98%. 图5参10     

一株产生物絮凝剂的Bacillus sp.的分离与鉴定

从重庆城南污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离筛选到一株絮凝剂产生菌,革兰氏染色呈阳性,好氧,有芽孢,可运动,短杆;分离菌的基因组DNA(G +C)mol%含量测定为5 0 .6 % ,16SrRNA序列分析表明,分离筛选出的絮凝剂产生菌的16SrRNA基因序列与Bacillus菌有高度同源性,从而确定絮凝剂产生菌RL - 2归于Bacillusbrevis菌属。絮凝实验表明:在有CaCl2 存在时用Bacillussp .RL - 2生物絮凝剂处理土壤悬液时用量少(10 0mL样品只需2mL絮凝剂) ,絮体形成快,矾花大,泥少;体系温度对活性影响很小,且在酸性与碱性条件下,絮凝活性均很高     

Evaluation of simple microbiol tests for detection of fecal coliforms directly at 44.5 degrees C

Simple microbial test comprising H₂S paper strip test,presence-absence (PA) test, and fluorogenic brila broth (BB)test performed directly at 44.5 °C were evaluated andcompared with the standard most probable number (MPN) method fordetection of fecal coliforms in 173 drinking water sources. BBand PA test were comparable with standard MPN method, whereas,poor compliance was noted for H₂S test. PA test whencompared with standard MPN test only 15%; disagreement wasdetected, whereas, highest disagreement of 40%; was observed incase of H₂S test. BB test was found to be highly sensitiveas only 7.8% disagreement with that of standard MPN test wasfound. Three hundred cultures obtained from positive tests wereidentified in order to evaluate the specificities of test usedin detection of fecal indicator Escherichia coli. BB testwas also found highly specific in detection of indicatororganism as compared to PA and H₂S test. Among theorganisms isolated from BB test 84.4%; of them were identifiedas E. coli as compared to 43.4 and 33.3 in PA and H₂Stest, respectively. The low incidence of recovery of E.coli (18.1%) for the standard MPN method places doubt on thevalidity of its application in tropical areas. The result ofthis investigation suggest that BB performed directly at 44.5 °C could be suitable cost effective test to assess themicrobiological quality of drinking water in India and other tropical countries.     

美国职业卫生法规、监管及统计体系

美国是工业发达国家,是世界上最早建立“职业安全和卫生法”的国家之一。基于该法,美国确立以职业安全卫生监察局(OSHA)为执法机构、职业安全卫生复审委员会(OSHRC)为监督机构的职业卫生监管体系;同时,以劳工统计局(BLS)为统计主管机构,建立以“1904规范”为基础的企业雇主对其作业场所职业卫生记录和报告制度,并辅以两种形式的政府主动调查,形成了自下至上和自上至下相结合的调查统计体系。目前,我国职业卫生的调查统计体系尚未形成。因此,需要从工业发达国家的职业卫生法规、监管入手,以系统的方法和思路,分析其调查统计体系,学习工业发达国家的经验。研究结果认为美国的职业卫生统计体系具有上层法律及相关条例完备、组织体系职责分明、形成了政府主动调查与企业记录报告相结合的调查统计体系等明显的特点。     

防爆电气设备隔爆外壳最大试验安全间隙及其影响因素

在爆炸性气体环境中安装使用的电气设备应为防爆电气设备。本文扼要讲解了间隙隔爆的机制和最大试验安全间隙的概念。从实验和理论上阐述了影响隔爆外壳最大试验安全间隙的因素。提出了隔爆型电气设备设计、安装、使用应注意的方面。     

基于C/S+B/S混合模式的企业安全生产信息管理系统研究

安全生产是企业永恒的主题,良好的安全生产环境和秩序是企业可持续发展的重要保障.本文在综合分析了B/S、C/S结构的基础上,提出了基于计算机技术、网络技术、数据库技术的企业安全生产信息管理系统的构想,并对建立该系统的关键技术及系统集成进行了分析和研究.开发出了基于B/S C/S混合模式的企业安全生产信息管理系统,它能为预防事故发生提供重要的参考,为企业安全管理和事故应急决策提供重要的手段.