解悟美国气象经济的发展轨迹和经验

美国政府在引导和规范国内气象经济发展的过程中,始终关注并有效抑制国有气象部门的垄断企图,及时果断地采取措施消除不利于气象事业顺应社会经济和技术发展要求的陈规陋习,适时坚定地扶持充满创造活力的民间资本的竞争努力.可以说,没有这种理智而清醒的管理理念,没有这种不昧于时的前赡眼光和超脱手法,没有这种不拘于内的国际视野和全球战略,是断难有其今天的作为的.我国气象经济的起步较美日等发达国家要晚近40年,更因发展思路不明至今已远远落后于诸多国家.如今面对国内社会经济发展对气象信息日益广泛而精细化的迫切需求,面对全球"气候政治"氛围愈益浓烈的全新形势.特别是"WTO'冲击渡带来的沉重的竞争压力,中国气象经济市场势必将在格局和规则方面进行重大调整.我国在推进气象服务市场化进程中亟需借鉴"美国经验",以确保我国气象事业的健康、协调、可持续发展.     

3S技术在太湖富营养化和蓝藻水华分布规律中的应用研究

应用3S技术,采用营养状态指数法、蓝藻水华分级评价方法以及蓝藻水华发生频率分析方法,对2010—2013年太湖富营养化状况和太湖蓝藻水华时空分布规律进行分析和研究,以期为太湖富营养化控制和蓝藻水华预警、监控工作提供技术支持,同时为太湖水环境治理提供科学依据。实践证明,3S技术能快速、全面、直观地反映太湖富营养化状况和蓝藻水华时空分布规律。结果表明:(1)2010—2013年太湖处于轻度富营养状态,太湖富营养化呈现西北高、东南低的分布规律;(2)2010—2013年,全太湖小型蓝藻水华发生次数最多,蓝藻水华级别越高,发生次数越少;(3)年际变化上,蓝藻水华发生次数总体趋于平稳,蓝藻水华发生呈现"小型多发、中大型少发、重大型偶发"趋势,蓝藻水华发生规模呈显著缩小趋势;(4)月际变化上,8月和9月是太湖蓝藻水华的高发月份,9月蓝藻水华发生规模最大;(5)空间变化上,太湖西部沿岸是太湖蓝藻水华首次爆发最频繁的水域,太湖西部沿岸区尤其宜兴沿岸是蓝藻水华爆发频率最高的水域。     

Environmental Degradation of Blends of Atactic Poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] with Natural PHBV in Baltic Sea Water and Compost with Activated Sludge

Degradation of atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (a-PHB) binary blends with natural poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV, 12 mol% of 3HV units), has been investigated and compared with plain PHBV in the compost containing activated sludge and under marine exposure conditions in the dynamic water of the Baltic Sea. Characteristic parameters of compost and the Baltic Sea water were monitored during the incubation period (6 weeks) and their influence on the degree of biodegradation is discussed. After specified degradation times of the experiments the weight loss of the samples, surface changes, changes in molecular weight and polydispersity as well as changes of the composition and thermo-mechanical properties of the blends have been evaluated. Macroscopic observations of the samples were accompanied by investigations using optical microscopy, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and tensile testing. The degree of degradation of blends of a-PHB with PHBV depends on the blend composition and environmental conditions. In both environments studied the weight loss of plain PHBV was more significant than changes the molecular weight. In both environments only enzymatic degradation of the blends, which proceeds via surface erosion mechanisms, was observed during the incubation period.     

Characterizing the Relative Contributions of Large Vessels to Total Ocean Noise Fields: A Case Study Using the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary

In 2006, we used the U.S. Coast Guard’s Automatic Identification System (AIS) to describe patterns of large commercial ship traffic within a U.S. National Marine Sanctuary located off the coast of Massachusetts. We found that 541 large commercial vessels transited the greater sanctuary 3413 times during the year. Cargo ships, tankers, and tug/tows constituted 78% of the vessels and 82% of the total transits. Cargo ships, tankers, and cruise ships predominantly used the designated Boston Traffic Separation Scheme, while tug/tow traffic was concentrated in the western and northern portions of the sanctuary. We combined AIS data with low-frequency acoustic data from an array of nine autonomous recording units analyzed for 2 months in 2006. Analysis of received sound levels (10–1000 Hz, root-mean-square pressure re 1 μPa ± SE) averaged 119.5 ± 0.3 dB at high-traffic locations. High-traffic locations experienced double the acoustic power of less trafficked locations for the majority of the time period analyzed. Average source level estimates (71–141 Hz, root-mean-square pressure re 1 μPa ± SE) for individual vessels ranged from 158 ± 2 dB (research vessel) to 186 ± 2 dB (oil tanker). Tankers were estimated to contribute 2 times more acoustic power to the region than cargo ships, and more than 100 times more than research vessels. Our results indicate that noise produced by large commercial vessels was at levels and within frequencies that warrant concern among managers regarding the ability of endangered whales to maintain acoustic contact within greater sanctuary waters. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Alga-lysing bioreactor and the dominant bacteria strain

Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH3-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-a) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH3-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database.     

Degradation of carbamazepine by MWCNTs-promoted generation of high-valent iron-oxo species in a mild system with O-bridged iron perfluorophthalocyanine dimers

Metal phthalocyanine has been extensively studied as a catalyst for degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ). However, metal phthalocyanine tends to undergo their own dimerization or polymerization, thereby reducing their activity points and affecting their catalytic properties. In this study, a catalytic system consisting of O-bridged iron perfluorophthalocyanine dimers (FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and H₂O₂ was proposed. The results showed MWCNTs loaded with FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆ can achieve excellent degradation of CBZ with smaller dosages of FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆ and H₂O₂, and milder reaction temperatures. In addition, the results of experiments revealed the reaction mechanism of non-hydroxyl radicals. The highly oxidized high-valent iron-oxo (Fe(IV)=O) species was the main reactive species in the FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆/MWCNTs/H₂O₂ system. It is noteworthy that MWCNTs can improve the dispersion of FePcF₁₆-O-FePcF₁₆, contributing to the production of highly oxidized Fe(IV)=O. Then, the pathway of CBZ oxidative degradation was speculated, and the study results also provide new ideas for metal phthalocyanine-loaded carbon materials to degrade emerging pollutants.     

基于3S技术的危险废物污染事故预警系统

运用卫星遥感(RS)技术、地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS),按国家、省、市、县4级模式,建立突发性危险废物污染事故预警系统.国家级预警系统主要对跨省界及跨国突发性污染事故进行应急处置,对省级应急事故处置进行指导;省级预警系统主要对跨市界突发性污染事故进行应急处置,并指导市级污染事故应急处置;市级预警系统主要负责跨县界突发性污染事故的应急处置并指导县级污染事故应急处置;县级预警系统主要负责本行政区内的突发性污染事故的应急处置.建立4级预警系统的主要目的是使各级政府突出重点,集中解决本行政区域内突发性环境污染事故的应急处置,从管理层面上在全国建立一个能对突发性污染事故实施统一指挥协调、现场快速监测和应急处理,又能对污染隐患进行监控和警告的应急响应系统.以辽宁省辽河为案例,通过3S技术的综合运用,构建省级流域突发性危险废物污染事故预警系统方案,为政府应急决策提供快速服务.     

浅层地下水升降对菜地土壤剖面硝化/反硝化微生物丰度的影响

为揭示湖泊近岸浅层地下水升降对菜地土壤剖面硝化与反硝化功能微生物基因丰度的影响,以洱海湖滨带菜地土壤剖面为研究对象,通过模拟地下水升降过程,分析了水位升高(S1)、水位降低(S2)及落干(S3)过程中土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度的变化特征,探讨了功能基因与土壤环境因子的耦合关系.结果表明:S3阶段的土壤剖面AOA-amoA和AOB-amoA基因丰度显著高于S1和S2;S1阶段的土壤剖面nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度均显著高于S2和S3.AOA-amoA基因丰度显著高于AOB-amoA基因丰度,nirS基因丰度显著高于nirK、nosZ基因丰度;不同取样时期的土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度均表现为A层B层C层D层.水位升降对土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度有显著影响,且AOA-amoA和nirS基因对水位升降更敏感,分别在硝化与反硝化作用中占主导地位;pH、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)为功能基因AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA的环境驱动因子,而功能基因nirK、nirS、nosZ的环境驱动因子为土壤含水量(W)、铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、TN、SOC、pH.该研究结果可为揭示浅层地下水升降过程中菜地土壤剖面氮素循环的微生物学机制提供科学依据.     

多媒体3S综合集成技术及在环境科学中的应用

从集成概念出发,提出了３Ｓ综合集成的概念,分析了三种多媒体３Ｓ综合集成系统的体系结构,并给出了多媒体３Ｓ综合集成系统实现的几个实用技术,最后分析了多媒体３Ｓ综合集成技术在环境科学中的一些应用。     

微囊藻伪空胞gvpA、gvpC与其物理性状之间相关性分析

为了探究gvpA基因拷贝数和gvpC基因内保守重复序列的作用,利用3株微囊藻包括铜绿微囊藻FACHB910、FACHB930以及惠氏微囊藻FACHB929为材料;测量了伪空胞长度、伪空胞直径、相对气体含量、表观压强、临界压强和细胞膨压等性状,分析了gvpA基因拷贝数目、gvpC基因内保守重复序列与这些性状之间的相关性....