一株抗铬细菌的分离鉴定及其还原特性研究

拟通过筛选出高效还原Cr(Ⅵ)的菌株来修复铬污染土壤,从重庆废弃化工厂铬污染土壤中分离得到一株高效还原菌株,对该菌进行形态和生理生化特征研究,并结合分子生物学进行测序分析,同时对该菌在不同条件下还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力进行检测,探讨了pH值、接种量、初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度及温度对Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响.结果表明,该菌株为革兰氏阳性杆菌,命名为NO.1.经形态和生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列比对分析,鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)(相似度为99％).该菌株具有较强的还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力,在pH=8.0、接种量50％(体积分数)及30℃条件下,100 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)在处理3d后可基本被还原.研究表明,该细菌有望用于铬污染土壤的修复.     

基于R/S分析的矿井涌水量灰色预测

矿井涌水量序列具有分形和灰色特征,将R/S分析与灰色系统理论相结合,提出了R/S灰色预测模型以预报矿井涌水量。并以龙门矿为例,对其矿井涌水量进行了R/S分析,确定了Hurst指数和平均循环周期;还在一个周期内进行了涌水量灰色预测。结果表明:龙门矿矿井涌水量平均循环周期为10个月;原本无法进行灰色预测的矿井涌水量序列,经R/S分析后不但可以进行灰色预测,而且预测精度达97.54%,明显高于成熟模型—灰色马尔科夫预测模型的精度。该方法拓宽了分形和灰色理论在涌水量研究中的应用范围。     

Assessing the impact of the U.S. Endangered Species Act recovery planning guidelines on managing threats for listed species

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) of the United States was enacted in 1973 to prevent the extinction of species. Recovery plans, required by 1988 amendments to the ESA, play an important role in organizing these efforts to protect and recover species. To improve the use of science in the recovery planning process, the Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) commissioned an independent review of endangered species recovery planning in 1999. From these findings, the SCB made key recommendations for how management agencies could improve the recovery planning process, after which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service redrafted their recovery planning guidelines. One important recommendation called for recovery plans to make threats a primary focus, including organizing and prioritizing recovery tasks for threat abatement. We sought to determine the extent to which results from the SCB study were incorporated into these new guidelines and whether the SCB recommendations regarding threats manifested in recovery plans written under the new guidelines. Recovery planning guidelines generally incorporated the SCB recommendations, including those for managing threats. However, although recent recovery plans have improved in their treatment of threats, many fail to adequately incorporate threat monitoring. This failure suggests that developing clear guidelines for monitoring should be an important priority in improving ESA recovery planning.     

HABR对低C/S值工业高盐废水处理特性研究

以某电子企业的低C/S值乳化液废水为原水,经过40 d后HABR(混合式厌氧折流板反应器)启动完成,试验结果表明,在进水C/S值为2.5~1.5,p H为9.0,HRT为36 h,进水碱度为3 500 mg/L,温度为(35±1)℃条件下,SO2-4、COD去除率分别稳定在98%、65%左右。此时经污泥特性分析,发现后面4个格室已形成1套以硫酸盐还原菌为优势菌种的微生物体系,较高的进水碱度、反应器中填料的加入、含硫启动方式,是保证系统在低C/S值进水条件下仍取得高SO2-4去除率的关键。     

共存离子对ZVI/S.oneidensis还原U(Ⅵ)的影响研究

研究零价铁(ZVI)与奥奈达希瓦氏菌(S.oneidensis)协同还原去除水相中U(Ⅵ)时,共存离子Cr~(6+)、Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)分别存在时对U(Ⅵ)还原效果的影响。结果表明:溶液中共存的Cr~(6+)和溶解态的Fe~(3+)对ZVI与微生物协同还原U(Ⅵ)均存在显著的抑制作用,且当溶液中共存Cr~(6+)的含量超过10.0 mg/L时,U(Ⅵ)的还原几乎被完全抑制。在共存金属浓度为20 mg/L时,Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)对U(Ⅵ)的还原均具有抑制作用,且Cu~(2+)的影响大于Zn~(2+);Mn~(2+)对U(Ⅵ)的还原有微弱的促进作用。共存阴离子SO_4~(2-)对U(Ⅵ)的还原有微弱的促进作用,且作用大小与其浓度成正相关;在0.5~5.0 mmol/L浓度范围内,12 h时,共存阴离子NO_3~-对U(Ⅵ)的还原有明显的抑制作用。     

Effect of Changing VOC Influent Composition on the Microbial Community Structure of TBABs

Microbial communities in trickle bed air biofilters (TBABs) were evaluated under conditions of interchanging the feed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and VOC mixtures. Three independent TBABs (Biofilter “A,” “B,” and “C”) were run under interchanging VOCs conditions with different initial VOCs. Two aromatic compounds (toluene and styrene) and two oxygenated compounds (methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)) were interchanged as single solutes. Two other TBABs “D” and “E” were run for two VOC mixtures. Biofilter “D” had a VOC mixture with equal molar ratio of the four components and Biofilter “E” received a VOC mixture with its composition based on EPA 2003 emission report. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA genes was used to assess the microbial richness in TBABs for treating the VOC mixtures and the impact of interchanging VOCs on the bacterial community structure in the biofilters. The results from DGGE indicated that the microbial community structure in the biofilter was different after each interchange of VOCs. Some bands of microbial species faded and some bands were strengthened. For the two TBABs treating VOC mixtures, the microbial species did not show significant difference, but the richness among these species was different from each other.     

受引黄影响的河流沉积物细菌群落季节变化

河流沉积物细菌群落的季节变化对碳、氮循环和水环境演化有明显的影响.然而,受调水干预的河流沉积物细菌群落季节性变化尚不明确.本文基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了中纬度地区受引黄影响的汾河上游沉积物细菌群落组成、结构和多样性的季节变化.结果表明,在引黄调水干预下受水河流细菌群落的季节性变化仍然显著.夏季温度适宜,河流沉积物细菌群落多样性较冬季高.核心菌群组成和结构随季节变化,然而丛毛单胞菌、黄杆菌、黄单胞菌和红环菌等的优势地位不随季节改变.河水水温和ORP的季节变化显著,是造成河流沉积物细菌群落季节变化的主导因子.水质较差的黄河水引入汾河后导致沉积物细菌群落多样性显著提高.引水对河流沉积物细菌群落的影响在夏季较冬季高20%左右.引黄调水对汾河沉积物细菌群落的影响大于季节变化的影响.     

ESR技术应用于逆胶束酶体系性能的研究

采用鼠李糖脂构建逆胶束体系,并利用电子自旋共振（ESR）技术研究了鼠李糖脂逆胶束及鼠李糖脂逆胶束酶体系的性能.采用ESR光谱技术计算得出逆胶束体系中超精细分裂常数变化,研究表明鼠李糖脂在正己烷中的临界胶度为0.07mmol/L.通过分析ESR光谱中旋转相关时间的变化,探究电子自旋探针在逆胶束中运动受阻和翻转所需时间的情况同时,ESR光谱的峰值体现了样品中自由基含量的多少.通过对比逆胶束体系、逆胶束酶体系以及逆胶束酶-苯酚体系的ESR光谱,结果表明鼠李糖脂逆胶束-苯酚体系的自由基最多.通过研究对16-氮氧自由基硬脂酸对两个体系作用,推测出电子自旋探针自由基团定位于逆胶束水核中,并且推断电子自旋探针位于水核的边缘区域,即结合水水层.该研究为逆胶束酶体系的应用提供了坚实的理论基础.     

溶磷细菌筛选及在复垦土壤上对难溶态磷的活化作用

为研究溶磷细菌在复垦土壤上对难溶态磷的活化作用,通过PVK平板法从石灰性土壤中分离筛选出7株溶磷细菌,7株菌株的溶磷能力在296.5～563.5 mg/L之间,菌株的溶磷能力与溶磷圈直径（D）与菌落直径（d）的比值呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;16sRNA序列分析表明,W1、W6属于Enterobacter sp.,W2、W4属于Burkholderia sp.,W3、W5属于Rahnella sp.,W7属于Fluorescent pseudomonas。选择W3、W4、W7作为试验菌株,以磷酸三钙、磷矿粉为难溶态磷源,研究单菌株及组合菌株在配施难溶态磷酸盐条件下对复垦土壤有效磷、各形态无机磷含量及油菜产量的影响。结果表明,同一底物下溶磷细菌各处理复垦土壤有效磷含量和油菜产量显著高于基质处理（p<0.05）,组合菌株处理优于单菌株处理,W3+W4+W7处理两项指标都最高;在溶磷细菌+磷酸三钙底物下,W3+W4+W7处理复垦土壤有效磷含量和油菜产量分别比单施溶磷细菌、溶磷细菌+磷矿粉两个底物下同一处理显著增加94.81%、40.25%和34.13%、9.43%;相同底物下溶磷细菌各处理复垦土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量都高于基质处理,Ca₁₀-P含量小于基质处理,O-P含量与基质处理差异不显著。这一结果可为溶磷细菌在复垦土壤上应用技术的研发提供理论基础。     

引黄对受水河段沉积物微生物群落的影响

人类活动可明显降低地表水体水环境质量,同时对水生态系统产生深刻的影响.本文基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了引黄调水对汾河受水河段沉积物微生物群落组成、结构和多样性的影响,探讨了引水对沉积物中微生物群落的影响机制.结果表明,黄河水的引入使汇入口处沉积物中微生物群落多样性水平升高,并带来新微生物物种硫杆菌属、厌氧绳菌属和亚硝化单胞菌属,新增菌种不仅在下游逐渐适应环境,而且通过上溯扩张使汇入口上游河段沉积物微生物群落发生改变.引黄间歇期受水河段沉积物微生物群落逐渐恢复,优势菌转化为芽孢杆菌,乳球菌的丰度相应增加,硫杆菌属消失.丛毛单胞菌在汾河受水河段沉积物环境中较为稳定,而硫杆菌、芽孢杆菌和乳球菌容易受到引黄的影响,其主要环境影响因素为水体矿物质含量及沉积物有机质、全氮、碱解氮和全钾.间歇期支流汇入使芽孢杆菌退化,丧失绝对优势地位,而蓝藻大量繁殖成为优势种.引黄期支流汇入后,硫杆菌属和厌氧绳菌属分别成为汇入点下游的优势菌和亚优势菌.