水稻秸秆生物炭对罗丹明B的吸附与降解

生物炭对污染物的吸附是生物炭环境效应研究的重要环节,而生物炭中的自由基对有机污染物降解行为的影响还没有得到应有的关注。以水稻秸秆为原材料,研究不同热解温度下制备的生物炭对罗丹明B的吸附和降解,通过荧光光谱法分析生物炭-罗丹明B体系反应前后上清液荧光光谱特性的变化来表征其中的降解现象。结果表明,在350℃和500℃生物炭-罗丹明B反应体系中,其上清液荧光光谱明显发生蓝移现象,表明该体系中存在着明显的降解现象。通过对这2个体系反应后生物炭固体颗粒的萃取来对降解作用进行定量分析,降解作用在这2个体系中所占的比例分别为28%和30%。水稻秸秆生物质炭对罗丹明B具有较好的吸附效果,Freundlich方程可以较好地描述水稻秸秆生物质炭对水中罗丹明B的吸附行为,固液比在3：1 000时生物炭最大吸附量为3.33 mg·g-1。这表明在水稻秸秆生物炭-罗丹明B反应体系中,不仅存在吸附作用,还伴随降解作用。     

磁性粒子/介孔碳的合成及其吸附性能

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为模板,采用三氯化铁和蔗糖同步浇铸的方法,利用纳米刻蚀技术合成了Fe-Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子/介孔碳复合体(简称磁性粒子/介孔碳)。XRD分析和高分辨透射电子显微镜表征结果表明,磁性粒子/介孔碳中含有强磁性粒子——Fe3O4和α-Fe。在初始罗丹明B质量浓度为200 mg/L的溶液中加入于碳化温度为800 oC下制得的磁性粒子/介孔碳1 mg/L,吸附190 min后,平衡吸附量为329 mg/g。吸附后的磁性粒子/介孔碳在乙醇中的脱附率可达93.7%。通过外加磁场可将吸附后的磁性粒子/介孔碳与溶液分离。     

硝酸及氯离子对高温硝酸铵水溶液热危险性的影响研究

国内外学者对硝酸铵的危险性进行了大量的研究,而对其水溶液的危险性至今开展不多。笔者采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)及全自动反应量热仪(RC1e)对高温状态下的硝酸铵水溶液的热分解危险性、杂质离子对其稳定性的影响进行了研究。纯硝酸铵和90%硝酸铵水溶液的DSC实验表明,90%硝酸铵溶液和分析纯硝酸铵具有相似的热爆炸危险;90%硝酸铵水溶液在140~180℃之间的RC1e试验表明:硝酸或氯离子单独存在时,对硝酸铵分解都有不同程度的抑制作用,而同时存在时则大大降低体系的热稳定性。该结果对保障硝酸铵在生产、使用过程中的安全具有重要的参考价值。     

玫瑰花状分级结构BiOCl的制备及其光降解罗丹明B的性能

以麦芽糖为表面活性剂,采用水热法制备了玫瑰花状分级结构的Bi OCl光催化剂。采用XRD、SEM、TEM、SAED、FTIR、UV-Vis DRS、MS、BET比表面积和ESR等技术对所合成的催化剂进行了表征。以罗丹明B(Rh B)为模拟污染物研究了Bi OCl光催化剂的Rh B降解性能。实验结果表明:可见光下,在0.485 07 g Bi(NO3)3·5H2O中添加0.5 g麦芽糖、加入10 m L 0.2 mol/L的KCl溶液所制备的Bi OCl的光催化性能最好,在200 min时Rh B降解率达94%;Rh B的降解过程主要为脱乙基反应,降解机理主要是光敏化降解;Bi OCl催化剂具有良好的循环稳定性。     

基于C/S+B/S混合模式的企业安全生产信息管理系统研究

安全生产是企业永恒的主题,良好的安全生产环境和秩序是企业可持续发展的重要保障.本文在综合分析了B/S、C/S结构的基础上,提出了基于计算机技术、网络技术、数据库技术的企业安全生产信息管理系统的构想,并对建立该系统的关键技术及系统集成进行了分析和研究.开发出了基于B/S C/S混合模式的企业安全生产信息管理系统,它能为预防事故发生提供重要的参考,为企业安全管理和事故应急决策提供重要的手段.     

黑曲霉M1M15M19降解稻草秸秆的试验研究

分析黑曲霉M1M15M19在含不同浓度的C源、N源稻草秸秆基质上培养30 d过程中木质纤维素酶类和主要化学成分.结果表明,黑曲霉M1M15M19降解秸秆的最佳条件是低碳高氮LCHN,降解秸秆中木质素的最佳条件是高碳低氮HCLN,经过25 d降解率分别为48.2%和20.4%.秸秆降解过程中纤维素酶和半纤维素酶起到了决定性的作用,秸秆中木质素降解过程中木质素过氧化物和锰依赖过氧化物起了重要作用.     

基于B/S与C/S模式的铁路运输安全管理信息系统

随着我国铁路运输业的迅速发展 ,对铁路运输安全管理不断提出新的要求。解决安全管理问题一是要不断提高员工的安全素质 ,提高安全防范意识及事故处理能力 ;更重要的是运用安全管理信息技术 ,通过建立安全管理信息系统来提高安全管理水平 ,降低事故的发生。笔者综合考虑C/S模式在信息管理、办公自动化等事务处理和B/S模式在信息浏览、查询和发布方面的优势 ,采用B/S和C/S模式相结合的混合模式开发了铁路运输安全管理信息系统。结合为某铁路运输企业开发的系统 ,论述了该系统的设计和实现     

基于灰色预测理论的瓦斯传感器自校正技术

笔者提出了将灰色预测理论与单片机技术相结合 ,对瓦斯传感器的非线性进行自校正的新思路 ;采用了灰色预测理论中GM(1,1)模型和单片机技术相结合 ,将预测误差值对传感器的实测值进行分段补偿的方法 ,实现对瓦斯传感器的非线性自校正 ;该方法克服了灰色预测理论对波动较大的随机序列的预测精度低的缺陷。其研究结果表明 ,应用该方法得到的预测值与真值的拟合程度好 ,预测值与真值之间最大的差值为 0 .15 0 1% ,而该处校正前的差值为 0 .30 0 0 % ,提高了传感器的测量精度。     

Incorporating Uncertainty of Management Costs in Sensitivity Analyses of Matrix Population Models

The importance of accounting for economic costs when making environmental‐management decisions subject to resource constraints has been increasingly recognized in recent years. In contrast, uncertainty associated with such costs has often been ignored. We developed a method, on the basis of economic theory, that accounts for the uncertainty in population‐management decisions. We considered the case where, rather than taking fixed values, model parameters are random variables that represent the situation when parameters are not precisely known. Hence, the outcome is not precisely known either. Instead of maximizing the expected outcome, we maximized the probability of obtaining an outcome above a threshold of acceptability. We derived explicit analytical expressions for the optimal allocation and its associated probability, as a function of the threshold of acceptability, where the model parameters were distributed according to normal and uniform distributions. To illustrate our approach we revisited a previous study that incorporated cost‐efficiency analyses in management decisions that were based on perturbation analyses of matrix population models. Incorporating derivations from this study into our framework, we extended the model to address potential uncertainties. We then applied these results to 2 case studies: management of a Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population and conservation of an olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) population. For low aspirations, that is, when the threshold of acceptability is relatively low, the optimal strategy was obtained by diversifying the allocation of funds. Conversely, for high aspirations, the budget was directed toward management actions with the highest potential effect on the population. The exact optimal allocation was sensitive to the choice of uncertainty model. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for uncertainty when making decisions and suggest that more effort should be placed on understanding the distributional characteristics of such uncertainty. Our approach provides a tool to improve decision making.     

Associations of Grassland Bird Communities with Black‐Tailed Prairie Dogs in the North American Great Plains

Colonial burrowing herbivores can modify vegetation structure, create belowground refugia, and generate landscape heterogeneity, thereby affecting the distribution and abundance of associated species. Black‐tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) are such a species, and they may strongly affect the abundance and composition of grassland bird communities. We examined how prairie dog colonies in the North American Great Plains affect bird species and community composition. Areas occupied by prairie dogs, characterized by low percent cover of grass, high percent cover of bare soil, and low vegetation height and density, supported a breeding bird community that differed substantially from surrounding areas that lacked prairie dogs. Bird communities on colony sites had significantly greater densities of large‐bodied carnivores (Burrowing Owls [Athene cunicularia], Mountain Plovers, [Charadrius montanus], and Killdeer [Charadrius vociferus]) and omnivores consisting of Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) and McCown's Longspurs (Rhynchophanes mccownii) than bird communities off colony sites. Bird communities off colony sites were dominated by small‐bodied insectivorous sparrows (Ammodramus spp.) and omnivorous Lark Buntings (Calamospiza melanocorys), Vesper Sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus), and Lark Sparrows (Chondestes grammacus). Densities of 3 species of conservation concern and 1 game species were significantly higher on colony sites than off colony sites, and the strength of prairie dog effects was consistent across the northern Great Plains. Vegetation modification by prairie dogs sustains a diverse suite of bird species in these grasslands. Collectively, our findings and those from previous studies show that areas in the North American Great Plains with prairie dog colonies support higher densities of at least 9 vertebrate species than sites without colonies. Prairie dogs affect habitat for these species through multiple pathways, including creation of belowground refugia, supply of prey for specialized predators, modification of vegetation structure within colonies, and increased landscape heterogeneity. Asociaciones de Comunidades de Aves de Pastizales con Perros de la Pradera en la Gran Llanura de Norte América