CMC改性的纳米Fe/Cu双金属去除2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

为解决纳米零价金属在水中暴露出的极易聚集与氧化的问题,本研究使用铜作为纳米零价铁(NZVI)的复合金属,制得纳米Fe/Cu双金属,并用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对其包覆改性.使用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射以及氮气吸附/脱附等温线对改性前后的双金属进行表征.结果表明,改性之后的材料具有更大的尺寸以及比表面积,且抗氧化性得到显著增强.材料的沉降实验以及对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)降解实验的结果揭示,CMC的包覆比对改性后双金属的分散性与反应活性影响较大.当包覆比为80%时,双金属的分散稳定性最强,释放的活性位点个数最多,表现为最高的反应活性.此时脱氯效率达到90.3%,且脱氯过程和产物发生明显改变.     

pH和盐对活性炭纤维吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响

研究了pH和盐对活性炭纤维ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的影响。结果表明,在pH0～14范围内,吸附量先随着pH的增大而增大,然后吸附量随着pH的增大而减小,在pH11时吸附量最小但不为零;在pH11～14范围内,吸附量随着pH增大而增大;ST-8和ST-13吸附2,4-二硝基酚的最佳pH分别为2和3。盐的存在对吸附2,4-二硝基酚有利,低pH时,氯化钠的作用是盐析效应;在pH较大时,氯化钠的作用是屏蔽效应。     

Effects of humic acid fractions with different polarities on photodegradation of 2, 4-D in aqueous environments

Four fractions (A, B, C, and D) of humic acids (HAs) were separated based on the polarity from weak to strong. UV-vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis show that the fractions C and Dpossessedmore aromatic C=C content. The influences of HAs and their fractions on the photolysis were investigated by the photodegradation of 2,4-D solutions under simulated solar light irradiation. The degradation rate of 2,4-D was found to decrease in the presence of bulk HAs or their fractions especially at high HAs concentration. The fractions of strong polarity C and D retarded the degradation rate more than the fractions of weak polarity A and B. This could be attributed to the different absorption intensity of the four HAs fractions in the order of D ⩾ C > A > B, and the stronger π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions between the strong polar fractions and 2,4-D.     

α-FeOOH类Fenton可见光光催化降解有毒有机污染物

用氨水滴定法制备了针铁矿α-FH,以α-FeOOH作为光催化剂,橙Ⅱ(Orange-Ⅱ)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,DCP)为目标化合物,研究了可见光照射下(λ＞420 nm) α-FeOOH对其光催化降解的催化特性.结果表明:在可见光照射下,pH为7.02,H2O2浓度为1.5×10-2...     

Reductive transformation and detoxification mechanism of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in combined zero valent iron and anaerobic-aerobic process

A combined zero valent iron (ZVI) and anaerobic-aerobic process was adopted for the treatment of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-containing wastewater. The transformation pathway, reduction of acute toxicity and enhancement of biodegradability were investigated. After pretreatment by ZVI, DNCB in wastewater could be completely converted into 2,4-diaminochlorobenzene (DACB). The ratio of BOD₅/COD increased from 0.005 ± 0.001 to 0.168 ± 0.007, while EC_{50, 48 hr} (V/V) increased from 0.65% to 5.20%, indicating the enhancement of biodegradability and reduction of acute toxicity with the pretreatment by ZVI. DACB was further dechlorinated to m-phenylenediamine during the anaerobic process using methanol as electron donor, with EC_{50, 48 hr} increasing from 5.20% to 48.2%. After the subsequent anaerobic-aerobic process, m-phenylenediamine was degraded completely, with effluent COD of 67.5 ± 10.8 mg/L. This effluent of the subsequent anaerobic-aerobic process was not toxic to zebrafish. The combined ZVI and anaerobic-aerobic process offers bright prospects for the treatment of chlorinated nitroaromatic compound-containing wastewater.     

改性石墨电极对DNP废水的降解过程研究

使用自制改性石墨/PTFE气体扩散电极作为阴极,铁电极作为阳极,构成电-Fenton反应体系对2,4-二硝基苯酚废水进行处理。一定电解条件下,研究了D(N/P)、D(N/P/Cu)自制气体扩散阴极电极对2,4-二硝基苯酚废水的处理效果及处理过程废水中金属离子、电导率的变化情况。结果表明,电解60 min时D(N/P/Cu)电极对DNP的去除率达到80.9%,最大去除率比D(N/P)高22.43%。阴极电极中铜离子的掺入不仅提高了电解效率,而且也大大降低了铁阳极的消耗及铁泥的产生量。对D(N/P/Cu)电极电解后的沉淀底物进行了红外光谱分析,发现沉淀物中除了未被降解的DNP外还含有分解产生的小分子烷烃类、胺类等中间产物。通过SEM对改性石墨电极表面进行了观察,发现电极材料粘合牢固紧凑,表面分布许多微小气孔,其中在改性石墨中掺入铜离子的D(N/P/Cu)电极表面更加致密光滑。     

Models predicting the fate of pollutants in rivers

The spill of 2,4,‐D in the Rhine river was used to show the evolution from simple to sophisticated models. The first simulation was done with an analytical solution of the dispersion‐advection equation without elimination. Elimination was introduced in a second simulation. The third simulation was carried out with a numerical model. This included elimination and variable dispersion. The lack of data limited the use of very detailed models.     

典型氯酚类化合物对水生生物的毒性研究进展

氯酚类化合物(CPs)是一类广泛存在于水环境中的有机污染物。这类化合物具有环境稳定性、生物累积性和生物毒性,因而其在水环境中的生态毒理效应一直是人们关注的焦点。在水体中存在最普遍的酚类化合物主要有2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)。本文对近几年来这3种典型氯酚类化合物的水生态毒理学研究进行了总结,主要包括它们对水生生物的急性毒性、氧化损伤、发育毒性、内分泌干扰、遗传毒性、致癌性、免疫毒性、细胞毒性以及复合毒性的效应和机制,同时对目前存在的问题和进一步的研究方向进行了讨论和展望。     

2,4-D二甲胺盐对莲草直胸跳甲生存和繁殖的影响

为探究除草剂在防治喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的过程中对其天敌昆虫的影响,采用不同浓度的2,4-D二甲胺盐浸叶处理的喜旱莲子草饲喂莲草直胸跳甲,连续饲喂7d后,考察了莲草直胸跳甲的繁殖、存活和发育情况。结果表明,2,4-D二甲胺盐可显著降低莲草直胸跳甲成虫的取食量,且抑制作用随药剂浓度升高和取食时间延长而显著增强;较高浓度(1.72～3.44g·L~(-1))的2,4-D二甲胺盐还会导致莲草直胸跳甲雌成虫存活率和产卵量的明显降低,卵孵化率、幼虫存活率和蛹羽化率也显著降低。可见,高浓度(1.72～3.44g·L~(-1))的2,4-D二甲胺盐对莲草直胸跳甲的生长发育和繁殖有显著不利影响,在防治喜旱莲子草时,应将2,4-D二甲胺盐的施用浓度控制在0.22～0.86g·L~(-1)内。     

Pd-MWCNTs-泡沫镍电极对2,4-二氯苯酚的电催化加氢脱氯研究

为发展废水中氯代酚的处理技术和保护水环境安全,采用"浸渍-干燥-电沉积"法制备钯-多壁碳纳米管-泡沫镍电极,研究电极对2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）的去除能力和动力学特征,并探讨了2,4-DCP的脱氯机理.结果表明,在MWCNTs和Pd负载量分别为0.7 mg·cm^-2和0.01 mmol·cm^-2时制备的电极对2,4-DCP去除效果最好;掺入多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）可增大电极的表面积,提高Pd的分散性,增强电极的催化效率.当Na₂SO₄浓度为0.05 mol·L^-1,工作电压为-1 V,反应液初始pH为7时,50 mg·L^-1的2,4-DCP降解90 min的去除率达到99.74%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型,速率常数为0.0667 min^-1.采用高效液相色谱法监测2,4-DCP的降解产物,发现苯酚为2,4-DCP还原的最终产物,降解途径包括直接脱去2个氯原子转化为苯酚和分步脱去2个氯原子再转化为苯酚,但以直接脱去2个氯原子为主要途径.活性基淬灭实验证明,电极通过产生的吸附态氢原子（H_ads）对2,4-DCP进行加氢脱氯.