Pd-MWCNTs-泡沫镍电极对2,4-二氯苯酚的电催化加氢脱氯研究

为发展废水中氯代酚的处理技术和保护水环境安全,采用"浸渍-干燥-电沉积"法制备钯-多壁碳纳米管-泡沫镍电极,研究电极对2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）的去除能力和动力学特征,并探讨了2,4-DCP的脱氯机理.结果表明,在MWCNTs和Pd负载量分别为0.7 mg·cm^-2和0.01 mmol·cm^-2时制备的电极对2,4-DCP去除效果最好;掺入多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）可增大电极的表面积,提高Pd的分散性,增强电极的催化效率.当Na₂SO₄浓度为0.05 mol·L^-1,工作电压为-1 V,反应液初始pH为7时,50 mg·L^-1的2,4-DCP降解90 min的去除率达到99.74%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型,速率常数为0.0667 min^-1.采用高效液相色谱法监测2,4-DCP的降解产物,发现苯酚为2,4-DCP还原的最终产物,降解途径包括直接脱去2个氯原子转化为苯酚和分步脱去2个氯原子再转化为苯酚,但以直接脱去2个氯原子为主要途径.活性基淬灭实验证明,电极通过产生的吸附态氢原子（H_ads）对2,4-DCP进行加氢脱氯.     

硫氮共掺杂碳基材料活化过一硫酸盐降解2,4-二氯苯酚的效能及机理

为了解决外源杂原子掺杂到碳基相催化剂过程中掺杂量低和分布不均的问题,本研究通过直接碳化聚吡咯（PPy）和聚噻吩（PTh）混合物制备得到硫氮共掺杂碳基催化材料（CPPy-PTh）,并研究其活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解水中的2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）的性能.结果表明,CPPy-PTh催化PMS可在30 min内降解99%的2,4-DCP.CPPy-PTh的高效催化能力主要是因为其表面被石墨化和氮、硫官能化,这使得PMS更容易在CPPy-PTh表面传递电子.淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振（EPR）结果表明,2,4-DCP的降解过程遵循以单线态氧（¹O₂）为主导的非自由基氧化途径.CPPy-PTh在宽广的pH范围和干扰离子存在下也同样具备催化能力.这些发现可为水中持久性有机物的降解提供理论指导和技术支持.     

Fe0还原地下水中2,4-DNT影响因素及产物

为了解零价铁(Fe0)修复污染地下水中微量2,4-二硝基甲苯 (2,4-DNT)还原规律,采用序批试验,考察地下水中常见阴离子(Cl-,NO₃-和PO₄3-)及重金属Cr(Ⅵ)对Fe0还原2,4-DNT能力的影响,并分析了Fe0还原2,4-DNT的中间产物和最终产物.结果表明:Cl-与NO₃-均能显著提高2,4-DNT的还原降解率,当反应进行120 min时,溶液中c(Cl-)由0 mmol/L增加到1 mmol/L,Fe0对2,4-DNT的还原降解率由31.4%增加到97.2%;溶液中c(NO₃-)由0 mmol/L增加到1 mmol/L,还原降解率由31.4%增加到78.9%;PO₄3-则表现为明显的抑制作用,当反应进行120 min时,溶液中c(PO₄3-)由0 mmol/L增加到1 mmol/L,还原降解率由31.4%降至2.1%.Cr(Ⅵ)能与2,4-DNT竞争Fe0提供的活性电子,当ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为20 mg/L时,Cr(Ⅵ)对Fe0还原2,4-DNT能力的抑制作用显著.Fe0还原2,4-DNT的中间产物为4-氨基-2硝基甲苯(4A2NT)和2-氨基-4硝基甲苯(2A4NT),最终产物为2,4-二氨基甲苯(2,4-DAT).因此,在地下水硝基苯类污染物零价铁修复实践中,应考虑地下水中离子组分对反应过程的影响;2,4-DNT的还原最终产物为2,4-DAT,无法进一步降解,需后续处理.      

Maize,switchgrass, and ponderosa pine biochar added to soil increased herbicide sorption and decreased herbicide efficacy

Biochar, a by-product of pyrolysis made from a wide array of plant biomass when producing biofuels, is a proposed soil amendment to improve soil health. This study measured herbicide sorption and efficacy when soils were treated with low (1% w/w) or high (10% w/w) amounts of biochar manufactured from different feedstocks [maize (Zea mays) stover, switchgrass (Panicum vigatum), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)], and treated with different post-processing techniques. Twenty-four hour batch equilibration measured sorption of ¹⁴C-labelled atrazine or 2,4-D to two soil types with and without biochar amendments. Herbicide efficacy was measured with and without biochar using speed of seed germination tests of sensitive species. Biochar amended soils sorbed more herbicide than untreated soils, with major differences due to biochar application rate but minor differences due to biochar type or post-process handling technique. Biochar presence increased the speed of seed germination compared with herbicide alone addition. These data indicate that biochar addition to soil can increase herbicide sorption and reduce efficacy. Evaluation for site-specific biochar applications may be warranted to obtain maximal benefits without compromising other agronomic practices.     

Remediation of a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon in water by photoelectrocatalysis

Photoelectrocatalysis driven by visible light offers a new and potentially powerful technology for the remediation of water contaminated by organo-xenobiotics. In this study, the performance of a visible light-driven photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) batch reactor, applying a tungsten trioxide (WO₃) photoelectrode, to degrade the model pollutant 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was monitored both by toxicological assessment (biosensing) and chemical analysis. The bacterial biosensor used to assess the presence of toxicity of the parent molecule and its breakdown products was a multicopy plasmid lux-marked E. coli HB101 pUCD607. The bacterial biosensor traced the removal of 2,4-DCP, and in some case, its toxicity response suggests the identification of transient toxic intermediates. The loss of the parent molecule, 2,4-DCP determined by HPLC, corresponded to the recorded photocurrents. Photoelectrocatalysis offers considerable potential for the remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and that the biosensor based toxicity results identified likely compatibility of this technology with conventional, biological wastewater treatment.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

水中本底成分对O3/H2O2氧化降解2,4-D的影响

重点考察了水中本底成分对O3/H2O2高级氧化工艺去除水中微量农药2,4-D的影响规律.实验结果表明,自来水本底比蒸馏水本底更有利于水中2,4-D的去除;自由基捕获剂叔丁醇对于2,4-D的催化臭氧化反应具有比较明显的抑制作用,但是HCO3-却对水中2,4-D的氧化降解有一定的促进作用;一定浓度的腐殖酸对于2,4-D的催化臭氧化反应具有比较明显的促进作用,较高浓度的腐殖酸对于2,4-D的催化臭氧化反应具有明显的抑制作用;水中的Na 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 、Cu2 、Zn2 在较低浓度时对2,4-D的降解没有明显影响,在高浓度时有一定的抑制作用;Co2 、Ni2 、Ca2 、Cr3 在较低浓度时对2,4-D的氧化降解有促进作用,高浓度时候有一定的抑制作用.     

预处理方式对氧化-还原联合技术修复硝基苯污染地下水的影响

为了探究氧化与还原预处理对氧化-还原联合技术修复硝基苯污染地下水的影响,选取2,4-DNT（2,4-二硝基甲苯）为研究对象,构建过硫酸盐/铁炭修复技术体系,分别设置2个试验槽,一个试验槽以过硫酸盐作为氧化预处理联合以铁炭作为还原后处理,另一个试验槽以铁炭作为还原预处理联合以过硫酸盐作为氧化后处理,对比研究构建的氧化-还原联合系统中不同氧化与还原预处理方式对2,4-DNT去除机制的影响.结果表明:①过硫酸盐氧化材料填充位置显著影响试验槽pH和ORP（氧化还原电位）的变化,在运行周期5 PV（PV为孔隙体积,1 PV时间约为4 h）内,pH可显著增至11左右,ORP值达到最高.②在运行周期5 PV内,氧化填充层S₂O₈2-浓度和还原填充层Fe2+浓度均显著降低.③在运行周期5 PV内,随运行周期的增加,以过硫酸盐作为氧化预处理联合以铁炭作为还原后处理的协同技术体系对2,4-DNT的去除效果显著降低,以铁炭作为还原预处理联合以过硫酸盐作为氧化后处理的协同技术体系对2,4-DNT的去除率维持在100%.④通过液相-质谱联用技术,识别构建的氧化-还原联合技术体系内2,4-DNT降解的主要中间产物,同时结合铁炭微电解还原机制和过硫酸盐氧化机制提出了2,4-DNT协同处理机制及其可能的降解路径.研究显示,还原预处理更有利于氧化-还原联合技术对地下水中2,4-DNT的去除,可为有效处理硝基苯化合物污染地下水提供理论支撑.      

Enantioselectivity in toxicity and degradation of dichlorprop-methyl in algal cultures

Enantioselectivity in the toxicity and degradation of the herbicide dichlorprop-methyl (2,4-DCPPM) in algal cultures was studied. Enantioselectivity was clearly observed in the toxicity of racemic 2,4-DCPPM and its two enantiomers. R-2,4-DCPPM showed low toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Chlorella vulgaris, but higher toxicity to Scenedesmus obliquus. The observed toxicity was ranked: R-2,4-DCPPM > S-2,4-DCPPM ? Rac-2,4-DCPPM; the toxicity of R-2,4-DCPPM was about 8-fold higher than that of Rac-2,4-DCPPM. Additionally, 2,4-DCPPM was quickly degraded, in the initial 12 h, and different algae cultures had different enantioselectivity for the 2,4-DCPPM enantiomers. There was no significant enantioselectivity for 2,4-DCPPM in Chlorella vulgaris in the initial 7 h. However, racemic 2,4-DCPPM was degraded by Scenedesmus obliquus quickly, in the initial 4 h, much quicker, in fact, than the S- or R-enantiomers (racemate > R- > S-), indicating that the herbicide 2,4-DCPPM was absorbed enantioselectively by Scenedesmus obliquus. The rapid formation of 2,4-DCPP suggested that 2,4-DCPPM adsorbed by algal cells was catalytically hydrolyzed to the free acid, a toxic metabolite. The production rates of 2,4-DCPP were as follows: Scenedesmus obliquus > Chlorella pyrenoidosa > Chlorella vulgaris, consistent with the degradability of 2,4-DCPPM. Scenedesmus obliquus had quick, but different, degradative and uptake abilities for R-, S-, and Rac-2,4-DCPPM. The R- and S- enantiomers were not hydrolyzed in the first 12 h, while both enantiomers were hydrolyzed slowly after that. These results indicate that some physical and chemical properties of compounds are of importance in determining their enantioselective toxicity and degradation. The ester and its metabolite likely played an important role in enantioselective toxicity to the three algae.     

Detectability of phenoxy herbicides by chlorophyll fluorescence

Abstract

Trace amounts of 2,4‐D ‐ which does not cause visible damage in plant ‐ are detectable in plant leaves by chlorophyll fluorescence regeneration in two ways. (I) In illuminated leaves the level of first and second fluorescence peak differ in treated and untreated leaves. (2) By taking buffer solution (pH=8.6) in dark‐adapted leaves under vacuum, the first, second and the other fluorescence decrease levels differ in untreated and 2,4‐D or MCPA treated leaves.