Cd胁迫下不同外源植物激素对水稻幼苗抗氧化系统及Cd吸收积累的影响

为了探讨外源添加植物激素对Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗的抗氧化系统及Cd吸收积累情况的影响,减少Cd在植物体内的运输和积累,从而来缓解Cd对水稻的胁迫.以中嘉早17水稻幼苗为研究对象,进行水培试验,设置0、5和25 μmol·L^-1这3个Cd浓度处理,3种外源植物激素处理：不添加植物激素、100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素（MT）、0.2 μmol·L^-12,4-表油菜素内酯（EBL）和0.2 μmol·L^-1茉莉酸（JA）,共12个处理,每个处理重复3次.测定水稻幼苗体内Cd的含量,同时也对水稻幼苗地上部及根部丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量进行分析.结果表明,在5 μmol·L^-1和25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,外源添加MT、EBL和JA使地上部MDA含量显著降低了11%~24%,但是根系与地上部情况恰好相反,添加3种外源物质均导致根系中MDA含量增加,其中MT和EBL现象明显,在5 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,与CK相比,分别提高了45.5%和20.0%;在25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,分别提高了46.2%和19.8%.外源添加植物激素可显著增加水稻幼苗地上部和地下部POD、CAT的活性,降低GSH以及Cd的含量,在5 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,添加MT、EBL和JA导致水稻地上部Cd含量分别降低39.4%、40.1%和51.6%,根部分别降低38.9%、40.2%和7.0%;25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,地上部Cd含量分别降低18.9%、14.5%和35.6%,根部分别降低85.3%、81.1%和56.5%.由此可见,通过外源添加低浓度植物激素MT、EBL和JA,可缓解Cd对水稻的胁迫,降低Cd对水稻的毒害作用.     

2,4-二叔丁基苯酚对斑马鱼早期发育阶段的神经毒性

2,4-二叔丁基苯酚（2,4-di-tert-butylphenol,2,4-DTBP）作为一种合成酚类抗氧化剂（Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants,SPAs）被广泛应用于塑料、橡胶、食品等工业产品中,近年来在水体、空气、生物体中被不同程度检出.然而目前有关2,4-DTBP的毒理学研究十分有限,尤其是对鱼类早期发育阶段的神经毒性效应尚未可知.因此,本文以斑马鱼为研究对象,在涵盖环境相关浓度水平上（0.01、0.1和1 μmol·L^-1,即2.06、20.6和206 μg·L^-1）,从运动活性、焦虑行为及多巴胺和5-羟色胺神经信号通路的基因转录水平探讨2,4-DTBP对斑马鱼早期发育阶段的神经毒性效应及其作用机制.结果发现,0.01和0.1 μmol·L^-1 2,4-DTBP暴露引起仔鱼在暗周期过度活跃,1 μmol·L^-1 2,4-DTBP暴露引起仔鱼在光周期异常平静及焦虑行为,斑马鱼的行为异常可能与5ht1ab 和drd1的过度表达有关.研究表明,2,4-DTBP可能对斑马鱼早期发育阶段具有神经毒性,且不同剂量下的作用机制不同.     

ACUTE TOXICITY OF PICRIC ACID AND PICRAMIC ACID TO RAINBOW TROUT,SALMO GAIRDNERI,AND AMERICAN OYSTER,CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA1

ABSTRACT Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96-h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144-h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144-h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.     

玉米芯生物炭对2,4-D在土壤中吸附性能的研究

研究了玉米芯生物炭剂对土壤中2,4-D的吸附性能,并探讨了影响吸附的因素和吸附机理.结果表明:生物炭可使土壤对2,4-D的吸附容量显著增大.吸附结果用Freundlich和Redlich-Peterson方程都可以较好地拟合(R20.95).60 h后,与对照土壤相比,添加质量分数为0.5%生物炭的土壤对2,4-D的最大吸附量从20.83μg·g-1升高到58.82μg·g-1.吸附动力学研究表明,伪二级动力学速率方程对土壤吸附2,4-D的过程拟合效果较好(R20.99),优于一级动力学速率模型;p H和温度对土壤中2,4-D的吸附影响显著,p H接近3.1和40℃的水浴环境更利于添加生物炭的土壤对2,4-D的吸附.玉米芯生物炭可作为原位修复剂吸附土壤中的2,4-D,从而降低土壤中有机污染物的迁移性和生物有效性.     

Powdered activated carbon adsorption of two fishy odorants in water: Trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal

Powdered activated carbon(PAC) adsorption of two fishy odorants, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal(HDE) and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal(DDE), was investigated. Both the pseudo first-order and the pseudo second-order kinetic models well described the kinetics curves, and DDE was more readily removed by PAC. In isotherm tests, both Freundlich and Modified Freundlich isotherms fitted the experimental data well. PAC exhibited a higher adsorption capacity for DDE than for HDE, which could be ascribed to the difference in their hydrophobicity. The calculated thermodynamic parameters(ΔG~0, ΔH~0, and ΔS~0) indicated an exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. PAC dosage, p H, and natural organic matter(NOM) presence were found to influence the adsorption process. With increasing PAC dosage, the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order rate constants both increased. The value of p H had little influence on HDE or DDE molecules but altered the surface charge of PAC, and the maximum adsorption capacity occurred at p H 9. The presence of NOM, especially the fraction with molecular weight less than1 k Dalton, hindered the adsorption. The study showed that preloaded NOM impaired the adsorption capacity of HDE or DDE more severely than simultaneously fed NOM did.     

Powdered activated carbon adsorption of two fishy odorants in water: Trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal

Powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption of two fishy odorants, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal (HDE) and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal (DDE), was investigated. Both the pseudo first-order and the pseudo second-order kinetic models well described the kinetics curves, and DDE was more readily removed by PAC. In isotherm tests, both Freundlich and Modified Freundlich isotherms fitted the experimental data well. PAC exhibited a higher adsorption capacity for DDE than for HDE, which could be ascribed to the difference in their hydrophobicity. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰, and ΔS⁰) indicated an exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. PAC dosage, pH, and natural organic matter (NOM) presence were found to influence the adsorption process. With increasing PAC dosage, the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order rate constants both increased. The value of pH had little influence on HDE or DDE molecules but altered the surface charge of PAC, and the maximum adsorption capacity occurred at pH 9. The presence of NOM, especially the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 k Dalton, hindered the adsorption. The study showed that preloaded NOM impaired the adsorption capacity of HDE or DDE more severely than simultaneously fed NOM did.     

Cagelike mesoporous silica encapsulated with microcapsules for immobilized laccase and 2, 4-DCP degradation

In this study, cage-like mesoporous silica was used as the carrier to immobilize laccase by a physical approach, followed by encapsulating with chitosan/alginate microcapsule membranes to form microcapsules of immobilized laccase based on layer-by-layer technology. The relationship between laccase activity recovery/leakage rate and the coating thickness was simultaneously investigated. Because the microcapsule layers have a substantial network of pores, they act as semipermeable membranes, while the laccase immobilized inside the microcapsules acts as a processing plant for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol. The microcapsules of immobilized laccase were able to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol within a wide range of 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration, temperature and pH, with mean degradation rate around 62%. Under the optimal conditions, the thermal stability and reusability of immobilized laccase were shown to be improved significantly, as the removal rate and degradation rate remained over 40.2% and 33.8% respectively after 6 cycles of operation. Using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), diisobutyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate were identified as the products of 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by the microcapsules of immobilized laccase and laccase immobilized by a physical approach, respectively, further demonstrating the degradation mechanism of 2,4-dichlorophenol by microcapsule-immobilized laccase.     

Fe~0-厌氧微生物降解2,4-二氯酚的效应及机理

以2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)为目标污染物,采用间歇试验,接种厌氧混合微生物,考察葡萄糖共基质条件下不同pH值时零价铁(Fe)0对2,4-DCP生物降解的效应,并对Fe0与厌氧微生物联合体系的作用机理进行探讨。结果表明:Fe0与厌氧微生物联合作用可提高2,4-DCP的降解效果,且中性或偏碱性环境下联合体系对目标污染物的促进效果较酸性环境明显,初始pH值为8时目标污染物的降解效果最好。Fe0在厌氧条件下腐蚀产生的OH-可有效平衡葡萄糖发酵产生的有机酸,使体系挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的浓度维持在较低水平(300 mg/L),同时促使联合体系pH值上升从而利于目标物2,4-DCP的降解。Fe0在酸性环境的腐蚀较强,腐蚀产物以Fe2+为主,Fe3+含量较少。不同pH值时"Fe0+微生物"体系的COD去除率与目标物降解效果有一定相关性。     

Pd/TiO2对水体中2,4-二氯酚的催化加氢脱氯研究

分别采用沉淀-沉积法和浸渍法合成了Pd/TiO2催化剂,采用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)对材料进行了表征,并对2,4-二氯酚的催化加氢脱氯反应进行了研究.结果表明,2种方法制备的催化剂在加氢脱氯反应中均具有较好的效果,沉淀-沉积法制备的催化剂活性更高,当反应物初始浓度为3.11 mmol.L-1,pH为12,催化剂用量为50 mg时,45 min内2,4-二氯酚可以完成脱氯过程.酸性条件有利于反应的进行.当催化剂用量在15～80 mg时,反应初活性没有明显变化,因此催化反应过程不受传质阻力的影响.当反应物初始浓度在0.62～3.11 mmol.L-1时反应初活性随浓度的提高显著增加,但进一步增加反应物的浓度时初活性没有明显提高,因此2,4-二氯酚在催化剂上的加氢脱氯行为符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型,表明2,4-二氯酚的加氢脱氯受表面吸附所控制.     

旱柳无性系对2,4-二氯苯酚的耐性、去除和吸收

对4个旱柳（Sailx matsudana）无性系8,10,18和22号进行了水培试验,研究了96h后旱柳对水中2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）的去除和吸收积累能力. 结果表明:旱柳可促进2,4-DCP降解,在96 h内4个旱柳无性系8,10,18和22号对20 mg/L的2,4-DCP去除率分别为56.63%,59.85%,55.17%和56.90%. 将4个旱柳无性系分别曝露在10,20和30 mg/L的2,4-DCP环境中,随着ρ（2,4-DCP）的增大,根系和地上部分中的w（2,4-DCP）增加,且根>茎叶;10号无性系地上部分未检测出2,4-DCP且其根系中的w（2,4-DCP）显著低于其他无性系;22号根系和地上部分的w（2,4-DCP）均显著高于其他无性系.水溶液中ρ（2,4-DCP）小于20 mg/L时,2,4-DCP对旱柳生长无显著抑制作用. 不同旱柳无性系对2,4-DCP均具有一定的吸收蓄积能力.