UV-catalytic treatment of spent caustic from ethene plant with hydrogen peroxide and ozone oxidation

The performance of UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 oxidation systems for treating spent caustic from an ethylene plant was investigated, in UV/H2O2 system, with the increase of H202 dosage, removal efficiencies of COD and the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) to chemical oxygen demand(COD) of the effluent were increased and a better performance was obtained than the H2O2 system alone. In UV/H2O2 system, removal efficiency of COD reach 68% under the optimum condition, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.52. In UV/O3 system, with the increase of O3 dosage, removal efficiency of COD and BOD/COD ratio were increased, and a better performance was obtained than the O3 system alone. Under the optimum condition, removal efficiency of COD was 54%, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.48. In UV/H2O2/O3 system, COD removal efficiency was found to be 22.0% higher than UV/O3 system.     

Remote sensing of the urban heat island and its changes in Xiamen City of SE China

World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM^ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over l l-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen‘s urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu lsland. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and using light-colored, highly reflective roof and paving materials should be included in the plans of the city planers, environmental managers and other decision-makers to improve the overall urban environment in the future.     

燃煤锅炉氨法烟气脱硫

通过氨法脱硫工艺在75t燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫工程中的运用,阐述了氨法脱硫的原理及工业条件,并对运行指标及处理效果进行分析。     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

胞外聚合物、Ca2+及pH值对生物絮凝作用的影响

应用阳离子交换树脂从活性污泥中提取了胞外聚合物(EPS),考察了EPS、Ca2 及pH值对生物絮凝作用的影响.结果表明,当pH≥7.5, EPS≥70mg/L,[Ca2 ]≥300mg/L时,有利于生物絮体的形成.通过正交试验,得出pH值、EPS和[Ca2 ]对生物絮体形成综合影响的回归方程: h浊度= -901.70 97.35pH 1.96[Ca2 ] 9.08EPS-0.11pH[Ca2 ]-0.91pHEPS-0.02[Ca2 ]EPS 0.0021pH[Ca2 ]EPS.回归分析表明,pH值对生物絮体形成影响最显著,其次是EPS和Ca2 .     

水污染综合指数评价方法与应用分析

分析了我国河流水质综合评价方法的现状以及运用水污染综合指数评价河流水质的方法 ,同时应用实例采用不同方法对综合指数进行了计算 ,通过对计算结果进行比较评价分析 ,综合加权计算方法的结果比较符合实际 ,而且直观明了     

色拉油废水处理工程设计

色拉油废水COD、动植物油、氨、氮、磷浓度都很高。采用预处理除油 倒A2 O 接触氧化 化学除磷组合工艺处理 ,效果明显 ,出水各项指标 (特别是磷酸盐 )均能达《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978 1 996 )中的一级排放标准     

火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法在汽车加油站的应用

本文提出了火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法在汽车加油站应用时的一些系数的选取应用的几点意见 ,以期应用该评价法时更符合实际情况 ,更准确。并用实例加以说明     

气液膜接触器分离混合气中CO2过程研究

建立了膜接触器吸收CO2 ,溶液热再生连续循环实验装置 ,评价了疏水性PP(聚丙烯 )微孔膜 ,MDEA(N 甲基二乙醇胺 )溶液及添加活化剂PZ(哌嗪 )的活化MDEA溶液吸收CO2 传质过程。结果表明 :在溶液浓度 2 5mol L ,气速0 5～ 3 0L min,液速 15～ 15 0mL min时 ,总传质系数Kov为 1 0× 10 - 5～ 3 6× 10 - 5m s(MDEA) ,1 6× 10 - 5～ 4 5×10 - 5m s(MDEA +PZ)。采用阻力层无因次关联方程模型预测Kov值 ,计算值和实验值符合较好。基于模型和实验结果 ,将PZ的吸收行为作为溶液的活化作用 ,在计算Kov值时 ,考虑活化作用因素并归结于化学增强因子E中 ,模型能更好地预测实验结果。实验证明在单一醇胺组份MDEA中添加少量PZ能提高总传质系数Kov值     

作物生长和氮含量对土壤-作物系统CO2排放的影响

为探讨作物生物学特征对土壤-作物系统CO₂排放的影响,本研究基于逐步收割法和静态暗箱-气相色谱技术,以冬小麦和水稻作物为研究对象,采用盆栽和大田试验的方法,在作物生长的主要生育期原位测定了土壤-作物系统CO₂排放速率,同时测定了作物生物量和氮含量.研究结果表明:①土壤-作物系统CO₂排放在生长季内呈现动态变化,土壤-水稻系统CO₂排放高于土壤-冬小麦系统.②作物暗呼吸速率与生物量呈显著线性相关.③作物暗呼吸系数(R_d)的季节变化可以用植株氮含量来描述.冬小麦R_d与N含量的关系可用线性方程R_d=0.0124N-0.0076(R²=0.9879,p<0.001)表示;水稻R_d与N含量的关系可用二次方程R_d=0.0085N2-0.0049NR²=0.9776,p<0.001)表示.④作物根系的参与极大地促进了土壤呼吸.冬小麦生长季土壤表观呼吸CO₂平均值为247.2 mg·(m²·h)^-1 ,高于未种作物土壤1.78倍,水稻生长季为215.3 mg·(m²·h)^-1 CO₂,高于未种作物土壤的3.38倍.冬小麦根系呼吸系数大于水稻,其根际呼吸对土壤表观呼吸的贡献高于水稻.