全国机动车保有量——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第1部分）

环境保护部日前发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况．．本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载2012年全国机动车保有量及其变化趋势的内容,以飨读者。该年报指出,（1）2012年,全国机动车保有量2．24亿辆。其中汽车10837．8万辆,低速汽车1145．0万辆,摩托车10400．0万辆。,与往年不同,汽车保有量已超过摩托车保有量,占主导地位．．（2）2012年,全国汽车保有量10837．8万辆。其中,按车型分类,客车占82．5％,货车占17．5％;按燃料类型分类,汽油车占82．5％,柴油车占16．1％,燃气车占1．4％;按排放标准分类,国I前标准的汽车占7．8％,国I标准的汽车占14．9％,国Ⅱ标准的汽车占15．7％,国Ⅲ标准的汽车占51．5％,国Ⅳ及以上标准的汽车占10．1％;按环保标志分类,“黄标车”占13．4％,“绿标车”占86．6％．．（3）2010—2012年全国机动车保有量呈快速增长态势,由19（106．2万辆增加到22382．8万辆,年均增长8．5％。其中,汽车保有量由7721,7万辆增加到10837．8万辆,年均增长18．5％;“黄标车”保有量由1558．3万辆降低到1451．4万辆,年均削减3．5％．     

全国机动车氮氧化物总量减排——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第Ⅵ部分）

环境保护部目前发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况。本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载关于全国机动车氮氧化物总量减排的内容,以飨读者。     

Aphid and episodic O3 injury in arugula plants (Eruca sativa Mill) grown in open-top field chambers

Aphid attacks and tropospheric ozone (O₃) cause stress and considerable damage in both wild and cultivated plants. Induced defense responses to aphid attacks and O₃ exposure share signaling pathways with common points. We investigated the plant–aphid interaction under O₃ exposure using open-top O₃ chambers. Ozone leaf injury was lower in aphid-infested plants than in aphid-free plants, although herbivore damage was not evident. Aphid population growth was strongly affected by previous exposure to O₃ but no direct effect of O₃ was observed. The possibility that during O₃ episodes, herbivores may reduce O₃ damage on host plants and that the offspring of the exposed aphids have lower population growth rates opens new and intriguing questions about potential effects of future increased tropospheric O₃ levels on plant–insect interactions.     

Relationship between protean career orientation and work–life balance: A resource perspective

Despite the commonly held belief that a protean career orientation (PCO) enables employees to achieve more balance in their lives, little is known about the relationship between PCO and work–life balance. Using two waves of data collection separated by 2.5 years, this study examined the relationship between PCO and work–life balance among a sample of 367 college‐educated employees in the United States. Analysis was conducted to empirically distinguish PCO from conceptually related constructs, and structural equation modeling was used to examine the process that explains the linkage between PCO and balance. We found that PCO was positively related to work–life balance. We also found support for the role of several resources (social capital, psychological capital, and perceived employability) that explain the relationship between PCO and balance. In particular, PCO was associated with extensive career planning activities that were related to the accumulation of three forms of career capital—human capital, social capital, and psychological capital. In turn, social capital and psychological capital were associated with high employability, which was related to greater work–life balance for individuals who take a whole‐life perspective on their careers. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings and provide suggestions for future research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spillover and crossover of sex‐based harassment from work to home: Supervisor gender harassment affects romantic relationship functioning via targets' anger

We investigate how gender harassment affects the romantic relationships (i.e., romantic relationship adjustment and romantic relationship efficacy) of female targets (spillover effects) and their romantic partners (crossover effects), and what role targets' anger in response to their gender harassment plays in these relationships. We explored these questions using two US samples. Sample 1 comprised 206 females, all of whom provided data on their gender harassment experiences, feelings of anger, and romantic relationship functioning. Sample 2 consisted of 60 romantic dyads. Females once again provided data on their gender harassment experiences and feelings of anger; their romantic partners reported on their own romantic relationship functioning. Full support emerged for hypothesized spillover effects: supervisor gender harassment indirectly and negatively influenced targets' romantic relationship adjustment and romantic relationship efficacy through target anger (Sample 1). Full support also emerged for hypothesized crossover effects: supervisor gender harassment indirectly and negatively influenced the romantic relationship adjustment and romantic relationship efficacy of targets' romantic partners through target anger (Sample 2). Implications for theory, research, and practice are considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An analytical model for the interpretation of pulse injection experiments performed for testing the spatial variability of clay formations

This paper presents an analytical model to describe pulse injection experiments. This model solves the advection-diffusion equation while taking into account back diffusion from the clay core to the inlet and from the outlet to the clay core. In most analytical models, back diffusion is neglected. For sufficiently high Péclet numbers, this is a good approximation. However, in experiments where the Péclet number is low, back diffusion is important and must be taken into account. An additional advantage of the present model is that both concentration and flux are conserved at the inlet and at the outlet of the clay core. This model is used to fit pulse injection experiments with iodide and tritiated water (HTO) in clay cores. The (new) model is required for fitting the experimental results since in clay layers advection is very slow leading to a low Péclet number. The experiments are performed on clay cores taken from different depths from the Boom Clay and the Ypres Clay layer under the site of the nuclear power plant of Doel (Belgium). The quality of all fits is excellent and the obtained parameter values are coherent. For HTO, the fitted value for the diffusion accessible porosity is consistent with measurements of the water content in Ypres Clay cores. In both types of clays, the apparent diffusion coefficient at zero flow is between 10(-10) and 2 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for iodide and between 2 x 10(-10) and 3 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for HTO. The dispersion length is in the order of 10(-3) m. The average value for the diffusion accessible porosity is between 0.35 and 0.4 for HTO and between 0.2 and 0.25 for iodide.