室内火灾烟雾对微波衰减的影响研究

针对建筑室内火灾烟雾环境对微波信号的干扰问题,利用火灾标准实验间和微波实验装置,研究棉绳阴燃、聚氨酯明火等四种典型火灾烟雾对频率分别为600 MHz和2.7GHz微波衰减特性的影响规律。在有和无火灾烟雾环境下,对比分析入射波频率、烟雾浓度、烟雾类型对微波衰减的影响。实验结果表明,四种火灾烟雾对微波传播有明显衰减,且衰减量均随烟雾浓度的增加而增加,而衰减速率逐渐减小。频率以及不同特性类型的烟雾对微波衰减特性的规律不同。最后,计算并修正了室内火灾烟雾环境下微波衰减因子模型的衰减因子,提高了该模型在火灾烟雾环境下的适用性和准确性。     

时间序列模型在火警短期预测中的应用

基于某市的119火警数据,采用时间序列模型中的ARIMA算法进行了分析.计算结果表明,该市119火警数据的天序列服从ARIMA(0,1,2)模型,周序列服从ARIMA(1,0,0)模型.从模型对数据的拟合效果来看,ARIMA模型较为准确的反映了数据序列的发展趋势.采用这两种模型对数据序列分别进行了短期的预测,其预测值与实际结果在趋势上基本一致,研究表明采用周序列预测的效果要好于天序列.基于时序模型的火警预测方法是实现时火灾应急处置中关口前移的重要措施.     

基于混沌时间序列分析的感光式火灾识别算法

采用混沌时间序列分析法对煤油和木材两种燃料的火焰信号进行了分析,通过主分量分析证明火焰信号属于混沌时间序列,煤油火焰、木材火焰和熄火信号的二维相平面图有明显的差异,它们的关联维和最大Lyapunov指数等混沌特征量的变化范围有所不同.该文通过数据挖掘,提出采用关联维判别火焰是否存在,同时配合最大Lyapunov指数判别燃料种类.所提出的火灾识别方法对发展感光式火灾探测器有一定的指导意义.     

地铁车站火灾中调度列车辅助站台人员疏散方法研究

随着我国城市地铁建设的发展,复杂多层地铁站台形式的出现导致地铁车站火灾发生时底层站台人员疏散所需时间常超出现有规范.提出调度列车疏散站台人员的方式,论证了地铁列车辅助站台人员安全疏散措施的可行性,给出了列车发车间隔、列车运行速度、站间距离等因素对疏散所需时间的影响,结果表明发车间隔是决定列车疏散所需时间的主要因素.研究工作可以为同类地铁站台人员安全疏散设计和应急预案制定提供参考.     

城市的发展与火灾防治

随着经济的快速增长，火灾将会成为一个突出的灾害问题。作为经济发展中心的城市，火灾危险因素大大增加，因此，在城市的发展和改造过程中，应当同时抓好防火安全保障体系的建设，大力发展消防科技，并应加强防火安全教育，以便把火灾危害减少到最低限度     

隔油调节罐设计浅论

就隔油调节罐设置的目的、容积的确定、设置的位置、收油设施的设计、污油的加热排泥、排油的操作控制、消防措施及污油的输送等问题阐述了自己的看法。     

Developing a CFD heat transfer model for applying high expansion foam in an LNG spill

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is widely used to cost-effectively store and transport natural gas. However, a spill of LNG can create a vapor cloud, which can potentially cause fire and explosion. High expansion (HEX) foam is recommended by the NFPA 11 to mitigate the vapor hazard and control LNG pool fire. In this study, the parameters that affect HEX foam performance were examined using lab-scale testing of foam temperature profile and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of heat transfer in vapor channels. A heat transfer model using ANSYS Fluent® was developed to estimate the minimum HEX foam height that allows the vapors from LNG spillage to disperse rapidly. We also performed a sensitivity analysis on the effect of the vaporization rate, the diameter of the vapor channel, and the heat transfer coefficient on the required minimum height of the HEX foam. It can be observed that at least 1.2 m of HEX foam in height are needed to achieve risk mitigation in a typical situation. The simulation results can be used not only for understanding the heat transfer mechanisms when applying HEX foam but also for suggesting to the LNG facility operator how much HEX foam they need for effective risk mitigation under different conditions.     

Investigation on the self-decomposition and explosion hazard of azo compounds

Azo compounds are self-reactive chemicals that violently produce flammable gases with heat release (i.e., an exothermic reaction). However, the explosion mechanism and ignition probability of azo compounds have not been clearly defined for storage or transportation. In this study, explosion scene analyses and various pyrolysis tests were performed to evaluate the thermal decomposition characteristics and explosion phenomena of azo compounds in a storage facility. The chemical debris collected from a fire scene was determined to be similar to the pyrolyzate of one of the tested azo compounds used by Py-GCMS. The minimum amounts of azo compounds, which could be ignited by self-decomposition heat, were calculated from the results of differential scanning calorimetrys and the heat transfer equation. The results were used to discuss a safety and response strategy for preventing the propagation of an explosion accident, namely a chemical backdraft.     

Topical scientific and practical issues of wildland fire problem

Problem of wildfires has not been resolved anywhere in the world. Mere increase of technical power does not lead to desirable results. Forests of developed countries burn as actively as those in Africa or in Russia. The main reasons of wildfire problem are as follows: (1) Constant wandering of dry seasons over the planet causing outbreaks of wildfires. (2) Unpredicted self-development of ordinary wildfires into awful fire disasters. (3) Difficulties in delivery and use of heavy machines on hardly accessible territories. (4) Absence of a perfect technique for economic evaluation of how effectively the wildfire control system works. (5) Absence of the system of payments encouraging wildfire fighters. To solve the problem of wildfires in Russia it is necessary to: (1) Create the Russian wildfire behaviour and fire effects prediction system on the basis of the developed classification of vegetation fuels and methods of their mapping as well as maximum utilization of forest inventory information and Geographic Information System (GIS). (2) Elaborate a technique of proper wildfire monitoring including estimation of vegetation damage. (3) Improve daily rating of regional fire danger. (4) Improve fire-preventive arrangement of the territory covered by vegetation, the main goal being creation of favourable conditions for active fire management. (5) Choose the main direction in elaboration of fire-fighting means and methods taking into account their universality, simplicity, reliability, etc. (6) Elaborate an improved technique for estimation of economic effectiveness of the wildfire control system. (7) Develop international cooperation of scientists and professionals in fire management.     

单面受火的方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱耐火极限

为研究单面受火的方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱耐火极限,在合理选择材料本构关系和边界条件的基础上,利用ABAQUS软件建立了高温下方中空夹层钢管混凝土短柱温度场和力学场分析模型,通过与试验数据对比验证,结果吻合良好。基于此模型,对不同的混凝土强度、钢管强度、内钢管厚度、空心率、荷载比进行耐火极限参数分析,并定量给出计算此类构件耐火极限的简化公式。研究结果表明:荷载比是构件耐火极限的主要影响参数。荷载比越大,构件的耐火极限越小。