钢结构暨空间结构的抗火设计综述

钢结构暨空间结构是目前建筑结构的重要发展方向之一。因钢材对高温的敏感性 ,其防火、抗火性能的研究应是设计时考虑的重要因素。笔者简述了抗火与防火的概念及其区别 ;评估了国内外关于抗火设计的基本方法及优缺点 ;重点对整体结构有限元非线性抗火反应全过程分析方法进行了讨论。通过选择科学的抗火设计方法 ,将为经济、适用的防火设计提供重要的依据     

北京西单文化广场的火灾安全评价与管理

以火灾危险辨识、危险评价方法和人员培训手段相结合 ,提出了北京西单文化广场火灾安全评价与管理的总体思路 ;分析并说明了火灾危险评价中火灾模型的选取、确定几种极限情形需要考虑的主要因素以及人员疏散策略有效性的衡量等关键问题 ;同时给出了人员培训的详细内容。本文为受限空间类城市公共场所的安全评价与管理提供了一种可供参照的研究模式     

活动板房全尺寸火灾实验研究

通过两次板房火灾试验,分析探讨板房的屋面材料和墙板材料的选用、室内可燃物的控制、板房之间的间距、板房之间设防火隔板以及板房的整体结构耐火等问题。得出:(1)板房的屋面材料建议选用:单层彩钢板+阻燃EPS泡沫板+石膏板吊顶。(2)板房中相邻房间之间的隔墙板,建议选用双层彩钢岩棉复合板等;其它墙板选用双面彩钢阻燃EPS复合板。(3)室内可燃物方面注意控制室内可燃物的种类和数量及其分布状况。(4)板房之间的间距考虑尽量放宽,同时尽量缩短房前屋檐的跨度。(5)板房之间设防火隔板可以有效地阻止火焰的蔓延,其防火效果显著。(6)板房整体结构具有一定的耐火功能。     

我国大兴安岭地区森林雷击火发生的火险天气等级研究

借鉴加拿大林火天气指数(FWI)系统,改进其计算方法。利用大兴安岭地区1966-2006年的气象数据,得到历史上雷击火发生时的火险天气指数,统计分析确定我国大兴安岭地区森林雷击火发生的火险天气等级。根据实地采样测定的可燃物的含水率对计算方法进行了验证。通过统计雷击火发生的火灾级别来检验划分雷击火发生火险天气等级方法的合理性。     

火灾自动探测的复合特定趋势算法

本文提出了二输入信号的复合特定趋势检测算法，它能够根据信号的稳定值识别复合信号位于稳定值上方的正向变化和稳定值下方的负向变化趋势，在趋势判断函数中引入判别门限，有效地克服了随机噪声干扰；在火灾信号确认中使用了“趋势持续”方法，通过标准试验火和不同环境下非火灾信号的模拟测试表明，该算法探测火灾信号及时、可靠且具有极低的误报警率。     

Assessing drought-related ecological risk in the Florida Everglades

In the winter-spring of 2001, South Florida experienced one of the worst droughts in its recorded history. Out of a myriad of ecological concerns identified during this time, the potential for catastrophic peat fire and negative impacts to wading bird reproduction emerged as critical issues. Water managers attempted to strike a balance between the environment and protection of water supplies for agriculture and urban interests. It became evident, however, that a broad-scale, integrated way to portray and prioritise ecological stress was lacking in the Florida Everglades, despite this being considered a necessary tool for addressing issues of environmental protection. In order to provide a framework for evaluating various water management operations using real-time information, we developed GIS-based indices of peat-fire risk and wading bird habitat suitability. These indices, based on real physical, chemical, and biological data, describe two ecological conditions that help define the physical and biological integrity of the Everglades. In addition to providing continuous, updated assessments throughout the drought period, we incorporated predictive models of water levels to evaluate how various water management alternatives might exacerbate or alleviate ecological stress during this time.     

基于BP神经网络的机车车辆智能火灾防控系统设计

设计了一种分布式模块化机车车辆智能火灾防控系统,该系统由车载主处理器、多个车载现场处理器、多个传感器和多个执行器构成,各控制单元可根据各种机车车辆车型灵活配置。车载主处理器通过BP人工神经网络算法实现对火警的智能识别,可根据环境因素调节火警判断时的相关参数,适用性强,有效提高火灾防控的准确性,进而更好地保障机车车辆的运行安全。     

火灾科学的发展前景

本文研究了火灾科学的发展前景，指出了火灾科学必然包括各种领域并列举了课题的分类，阐明了每一领域的研究都是防止火灾损失必不可少的。通过分析火灾科学近年来的工作，阐述了火灾研究的现状。大多数研究都是以最近的火灾为背景展开的，虽然其中许多侧重于基础研究，并未针对某一特定火灾。最后本文提出了火灾研究的将来需要。由于未来技术的发展和生活方式的改变有的难以预测，与之紧密相关的未来火灾也难以想象，因此，只能试从当前火灾研究去推测将来。本文认为将来的火灾研究课题大多数为基础研究，虽然它也或多或少与未来火灾有关系。并且预测随着新概念的引入，将来的火灾研究的数据和方法都活发生很大变化。     

Consequence modeling of explosion at Azad-Shahr CNG refueling station

Safety of people has been the most important concern since the onset of commercial use of Compressed Natural Gas¹ as a novel type of vehicle fuel. Provided a car vessel bursts, irreversible consequences will surface. The most important hazard threatening people and their properties in CNG distribution stations is pressurized natural gas in station storage vessels and car vessels. Storage vessels are far from people; however, they may damage other properties such as pipes, valves, electrical equipment, and etc. Owing to the distance between storage vessels and the hive, the risk is not considered a big concern; on the contrary, car storage vessel is very close to the passengers sitting in the car and those standing around the car. The proximity heightens the risk as the consequences caused by vessel burst can be more catastrophic than the former condition. Taken together, the car CNG vessel burst may be regarded as the most hazardous event at CNG distribution centers. It is believed that modeling the mentioned events can illustrate risky conditions. The present study was formulated in order to model one of such accidents occurring in Azad-Shahr in the winter 2010. The obtained results provided useful points and recommendations like the minimum safe distance from rupture center depending on such outcomes as overpressure, types of fire, or toxic release. The recommendations provided by the present study can prevent people from calamitous events and they can be adopted so as to reduce severity of possible events.     

基于风暴识别算法的森林火灾识别

采用风暴识别算法对森林火灾进行了识别。首先根据参数阈值调整后的风暴识别算法,得到二维分量,结合不同云回波与火灾回波的差异,对火灾回波进行识别。根据算法对浙江省温州市三次森林火灾过程进行识别,结果显示:对于三次火灾过程都能够有效识别。对于火灾发生初期和熄灭时,由于回波强度较弱,回波结构松散,与小范围弱回波混合,导致漏识别。当回波中存在小范围地物杂波时,由于其尺度与小面积火灾接近,最终导致误识别。在森林火灾发生时,该算法可以帮助识别发生火灾的位置,为消防人员提供及时可靠的火灾地点及起火时间。