昆明“3·29”森林火灾对防控林区火灾的启示

介绍昆明的“3·29”森林火灾基本情况。在对该火烧迹地进行3年跟踪调研的基础上,总结了该火灾对防控西南林区森林火灾的6点启示：（1）紫茎泽兰入侵区应慎修生土隔火带;（2）通过发挥山沟的阻火作用、营林防火、森林可燃物制炭等技术措施构建阻火林分;（3）重视森林火灾次生灾害;（4）开发新型森林灭火剂及施用技术;（5）适时运用以火灭火战术;（6）探索与集体林权制度改革相适应的森林消防对策。     

城市地下交通联系隧道火灾人员安全疏散研究

城市地下交通联系隧道是一种新型城市地下公共交通系统,交通流量大、火灾危险性高、人员安全疏散相对困难,目前国内外尚无此类专业防火设计规范。以四川大源商业核心区地下交通联系隧道为研究对象,提出隧道主出入口、下沉庭院、防烟楼梯间及分车道、防火隔间相结合的人员安全疏散方式,出口共计61处;在此基础上运用Building Exodus数值模拟并予以对比分析,最终定量确定了火灾情况下人员安全疏散路径,进而为国内外相关工程的人员疏散设计及运营提供理论依据,并为UTLT相关防火规范的制定提供理论基础及建设性意见。     

Quantitative risk analysis of fire and explosion on the top-side LNG-liquefaction process of LNG-FPSO

Since the massive use and production of fuel oil and natural gas, the excavating locations of buried energy-carrying material are moving further away from onshore, eventually requiring floating production systems like floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO). Among those platforms, LNG-FPSO will play a leading role to satisfy the global demands for the natural gas in near future; the LNG-FPSO system is designed to deal with all the LNG processing activities, near the gas field. However, even a single disaster on an offshore plant would put the whole business into danger. In this research, the risk of fire and explosion in the LNG-FPSO is assessed by quantitative risk analysis, including frequency and consequence analyses, focusing on the LNG liquefaction process (DMR cycle). The consequence analysis is modeled by using a popular analysis tool PHAST. To assess the risk of this system, 5 release model scenarios are set for the LNG and refrigerant leakages from valves, selected as the most probable scenarios causing fire and explosion. From the results, it is found that the introduction of additional protection methods to reduce the effect of fire and explosion under ALARP criteria is not required, and two cases of the selection of independent protection layers are recommended to meet the SIL level of failure rate for safer design and operation in the offshore environment.     

火灾时人员安全疏散可靠性评估

本文给出了一个计算人员安全疏散概率的算法，用以评价火灾时室内人员的危险程度。算法假定影响安全疏散的变量为随机变量，以逃生概率做为疏散评价指标，文中附有算例。     

火灾下匀质防火保护钢构件温度计算(I)：理论与公式

介绍了火灾下有匀质防火层保护的钢构件温度计算的一维传热模型。给出了求解该模型的相关边界条件和假定,并给出求解该一维传热模型在不同边界条件下的解。通过分析三种典型防火材料保护下、截面系数不同的三种截面的升温,比较了由我国规范CECS200、欧洲规范、欧钢协标准、美国规范及其他学者推荐的方法得到的结果,并对照有限元结果,考察了不同计算方法的有效性。结果表明,CECS200与国外规范给出的结果符合良好且略微偏高。通过计算典型截面在不同耐火极限要求下的最小保护层厚度,比较了各国规范的设计结果。结果显示,由不同规范推荐的公式计算得到的最小保护层厚度相差不大。CECS200计算的最小保护层厚度与国外规范一致,与欧洲规范得到的结果基本相同。研究表明,在标准火灾环境中我国规范给出的方法合理有效且形式简单便于工程运用。     

峡谷地形中森林地表火蔓延实验研究

在峡谷形的受限结构实验台上进行森林火灾实验，燃料采用与林间可物相似的混合物，观测火蔓延过程在这种地型结构中的特点。改变风速，通过温度时间曲线分析林火蔓延过程以及烟气运动的规律，所得到的结果也将为林火模型进一步的建立提供实验依据。     

中国消防科技现状与发展

本文介绍了中国消防事业发展的宏观概况；着重从消防科技实力、科研设施、科技成果应用即发展国际间消防科技合作等方面，回顾了近十年来中国消防科技发展成就；展望了中国在今年后十年内消防科技面临的任务；阐述了进一步加强消防科技工作的措施。     

火灾中硅酸盐水泥制品的膨胀爆炸与开裂

本文介绍了四川消防科研所自1972年以来开展的钢筋混凝土建筑构件和建筑材料耐火性能研究工作中关于硅酸盐水泥制品在火灾温度条件下膨胀、爆炸与开裂方面的实验研究情况。通过对有关各类以硅酸盐为重要成分的建筑构件和制品的反复试验研究与理论分析，初步掌握了一定程度的膨胀、爆炸以及开裂的物理、化学变化特征。着重指出了应用于建筑中的硅酸盐水泥制品－诸如混凝土构建或装修板材之类，它们的这些特性对建筑物的防火、灭火都有很大的威胁，应该对其产生的根本原因和预防对策进行更加深入的研究，以避免因制品的破坏而导致火灾蔓延和减少消防人员在扑救火灾过程中所造成的不必要的伤亡。     

Human behaviour and evacuation time for large underground comprehensive buildings during fire risk process

Human factors play an indispensable role in process safety during fire risk process. Fire evacuation of underground comprehensive buildings is a critical consideration for practical importance. Here, evacuation experiments were conducted in the Guangzhou East Railway Station Plaza, a large underground comprehensive building in Guangdong, China, with the plaza occupants as the participants. The evacuation factors, namely evacuation time and evacuee-selected evacuation routes, were evaluated using empirical equations (the Togawa model and the Melinek and Booth model) and evacuation modelling software (EVACNET 4 and composite occupant evacuation model). The experimental data were used to verify the empirical equations and evacuation models and to modify specific empirical parameters. The effect on escape route judgement and selection under emergency situations was analysed. The results demonstrated that direct access to outdoor exits could considerably reduce evacuation time. The experimental N and t_s were 1 person/m·s and 28 s, respectively. The total evacuation time was 281 s, and the EVACNET 4 and composite models’ simulations of safe evacuation were 285–290 s, which was consistent with the experimental data—validating the high accuracy and applicability of the models.     

混凝土结构火灾损伤检测技术研究

对混凝土在火灾条件下的热像平均温升、抗压强度、超声波速和损伤深度进行了检测,获得了混凝土热像平均温升、抗压强度、超声波速和损伤深度随着温度变化的规律,并对影响混凝土热像平均温升和超声波速的因素进行了分析,为混凝土结构火灾损伤程度的现场检测提供了一种科学的技术方法。