The Antiquities Act,national monuments,and the regional economy

Large, landscape-scale national monuments have long been controversial. It has been claimed that large monuments harm local economies by restricting growth of the grazing, timber, mining, and energy industries. Others have asserted that large monuments aid economic growth by reducing reliance on volatile commodity markets and fostering tourism growth. In this study, we use a synthetic control approach to measure the average causal effect of nine national monument designations on county-level per capita income. We find no evidence that monument designation affected per capita income in any of 20 counties hosting nine large (>50,000 acres) national monuments established under the Antiquities Act (six monuments) or by legislative action (three monuments). The broad economic claims of both advocates and critics of large national monuments have little empirical support. The absence of a designation effect for large national monuments is likely due to the attributes of federal land and the legal constraints under which it is managed.     

复合催化剂CuO-MnO_2-CeO_2/13X制备及其对萘的催化性能

采用浸渍法制备出复合过渡金属氧化物催化剂Cu O-Mn O2-Ce O2/13X,并用氮吸附、SEM、XRD、TGA对其结构、组成及热稳定性进行了表征,同时在固定催化床中研究了Cu O-Mn O2-Ce O2/13X催化剂对萘的催化性能。BET分析表明6%Cu O-Mn O2-2%Ce O2/13X催化剂的比表面积达到了476 m2/g,平均孔径达到2.314 nm,SEM和XRD结果表明一定负载率下Cu O、Mn O2、Ce O2在13X表面呈高度分散状态,有利于催化剂的催化活性提高。催化降解实验结果表明助催化剂Ce O2的适量添加可以明显提高催化剂的性能,当催化剂的负载率为6%Cu O-Mn O2-2%Ce O2时其对萘的催化率达到了65%。     

抑制薇甘菊生长的日本菟丝子化感物质研究

采用制备型高效液相色谱、重结晶等方法从有害植物日本菟丝子（Cuscuta japonica Choisy）的水浸液有机萃取物中分离出能显著抑制薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K.）种子萌发的化感物质,并采用核磁共振（1HNMR、13CNMR）法、质谱（MS）法等对其结构进行分析和鉴定。结果表明：能显著抑制薇甘菊种子萌发的日本菟丝子化感物质为桂皮酸（cinnamicacid）和3-苯基丙酸（3-phenylpropanoic acid）。这2种化合物在菟丝子属的植物中属首次分离鉴定。这2种化感物质具有开发为生物源农药（如除草剂）的潜力。研究结果为入侵植物薇甘菊的防治提供了参考依据,也为日本菟丝子的开发利用开辟了一条新途径。     

Interaction of PACls with sulfate

IntroductionPolyaluminumchloride (PACl)asamainkindofinorganicpolymerflocculantsisanewhighereffectivewaterandwastewatertreatmentreagent.Basedonthetraditionallow molecularaluminum ,ithasbeendevelopedworldwidesincethe 196 0s(Tang,1994 ;1990 ;1987) .PAClistheintermediateproductofthehydrolysis polymerization ageingprocessofAl(III)undersuitableconditions.Atpresent,itisgenerallyknownthattherearemanypossiblespeciesexistintheAl(III)solution ,suchasmonomers,oligomers,Al13 [AlO4Al12 (OH) 2 4(H2 …     

不同土地利用方式及栽培措施对土壤有机碳及δ~(13)C值的影响

以河北曲周县原状草地土壤和农田土壤为研究对象,结合稳定性碳同位素方法,分析不同秸秆还田方式、耕作方式和施肥水平对土壤有机碳特性的影响.研究表明,华北原状草地改变为农田后(34 a),土壤有机碳显著降低,且因农田栽培方式不同而异,1 m土层降低幅度在13.3%～35%之间,但降低显著发生在0～40 cm.经过8 a施加底肥,可以提高土壤有机碳0.83g.kg-1.免耕方式可以显著提高土壤有机碳,且主要发生在0～10 cm土层.翻耕操作会引起10～15 cm和15～20 cm土层的土壤有机碳高于免耕处理的现象.土壤有机碳的δ13C值的比变化主要发生在0～20 cm土层,玉米种植输入的有机碳主要集中在土壤0～20 cm层次.在土壤0～5 cm表层,源于农作物的土壤有机碳所占的最高比例为18%,到15～20 cm已经降到了5%左右.     

长期秸秆还田对水稻根系碳矿化与激发效应的影响

长期秸秆还田改变水稻土环境条件,从而会影响水稻残留根系碳在土壤中的矿化和激发效应,其影响的方向和强度尚不明确.因此,基于长期定位施肥试验,采用¹³C-CO₂同位素标记技术,结合室内模拟培养试验,研究不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）和秸秆还田配施化肥（CFS）这3种长期处理下,水稻根系和土壤本身有机碳的矿化特征,分析根系的激发效应的强度与方向,以及各处理CO₂释放量的来源组成.结果表明,经过120 d的室内淹水培养,根系残留（R）将CO₂累积释放量增加了617.41~726.27 mg·kg^-1.CFS+R和CF+R处理根系来源CO₂累积释放量分别为470.82mg·kg^-1和444.04 mg·kg^-1,根系的矿化率分别为18.8%和17.8%,均显著高于CK+R处理（384.19 mg·kg^-1,15.4%）.3个处理的土壤本身有机碳产生的CO₂累积排放量无显著差异,但CFS+R处理的土壤本身有机碳矿化率（4.2%）显著低于CF+R和CK+R处理（5.4%和5.8%）.CFS+R处理中根系的CO₂累积激发效应为29.6%,显著低于CK+R处理的42.5%,高于CF+R处理的14.4%.淹水水稻土CO₂累积释放量中23.47%~27.59%来源于根系,其余来源于土壤,其中,激发效应引起的CO₂释放量占比在CFS+R处理中比CK+R处理小,比CF+R处理大.综上,淹水水稻土长期秸秆还田会提高根系碳的矿化潜力,但是更有利于土壤本身有机碳的稳定.     

"类龟式"Al13盐酸盐的制备及絮凝性能

采用氯化铝溶液电解法、氯化铝溶液溶铝法、稀盐酸溶铝法、氯化铝溶液碱性阴离子树脂交换法、氯化铝溶液补水蒸馏法、氯化铝溶液压溶氢氧化铝或氧化铝法等促使氯化铝水解-聚合的方法,通过控制起始溶液的浓度、水解-聚合的程度和体系的温度,制成"类龟式"Al13含量超过96.5%的聚合氯化铝结晶,其中电解法制备的产物纯度达99.9%,盐基度61.48%,总铝(Al2O3)33.75%,水不溶物0.01%,Alb达97%.化学分析、X-射线粉末衍射和X-射线单晶结构解析结果表明,产物是一种由十三个铝氧八面体连接组成的Al13(OH)24Cl15·37H2O化合物.高岭土模拟水样和黄河水样絮凝试验表明,絮凝效果优于市售固体聚合氯化铝、氯化铝和硫酸铝,经絮凝处理的黄河水主要水质质量指标达到国家生活饮用水标准GB5749-85的要求.     

长光路FTIR研究HCFC22大气光化学反应

用长光路ＦＴＩＲ技术模拟研究氟里昂替代物ＨＣＦＣ２２（ＣＨＣ１Ｆ２）在对流层中的光化学反应，氯原子作反应的引发剂．ＨＣＦＣ２２在对流层中的主要含氟光解产物为ＣＯＦ２，讨论了有关反应机理，并对ＨＣＦＣ２２的环境影响和工业应用前景进行了评价。     

Cost shifting and other perverse incentives in biodiversity offsetting in India

Biodiversity offsetting aims to compensate for development‐induced biodiversity loss through commensurate conservation gains and is gaining traction among governments and businesses. However, cost shifting (i.e., diversion of offset funds to other conservation programs) and other perverse incentives can undermine the effectiveness of biodiversity offsetting. Additionality—the requirement that biodiversity offsets result in conservation outcomes that would not have been achieved otherwise—is fundamental to biodiversity offsetting. Cost shifting and violation of additionality can go hand in hand. India's national offsetting program is a case in point. Recent legislation allows the diversion of offset funds to meet the country's preexisting commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). With such diversions, no additional conservation takes place and development impacts remain uncompensated. Temporary additionality cannot be conceded in light of paucity of funds for preexisting commitments unless there is open acknowledgement that fulfillment of such commitments is contingent on offset funds. Two other examples of perverse incentives related to offsetting in India are the touting of inherently neutral offsetting outcomes as conservation gains, a tactic that breeds false complacency and results in reduced incentive for additional conservation efforts, and the clearing of native vegetation for commercial plantations in the name of compensatory afforestation, a practice that leads to biodiversity decline. The risks accompanying cost shifting and other perverse incentives, if not preempted and addressed, will result in net loss of forest cover in India. We recommend accurate baselines, transparent accounting, and open reporting of offset outcomes to ensure biodiversity offsetting achieves adequate and additional compensation for impacts of development.     

Urban afforestation and infant health: Evidence from MillionTreesNYC

This paper examines the impact of urban afforestation on infant health outcomes by exploiting a quasi-experimental setting where one million new trees were planted in New York City (NYC), but not in counties surrounding NYC over the same time period. Using a near-universal birth record of NYC and surrounding counties over 2004–2015 and employing both the synthetic control method and a difference-in-differences model, we find that an approximately 20% increase in urban forest cover decreased prematurity and low birth weight among mothers in NYC by 2.1 and 0.24 percentage points, respectively, relative to similar mothers outside of NYC. The low birth weight finding is equivalent to getting a mother smoking two cigarettes a day during pregnancy to quit. An internal validity test suggests that changes in the composition of NYC mothers cannot explain the observed effects. Additionally, we find evidence that declines in PM_2.5 concentrations and increases in outdoor walks are potential causal mechanisms. Results suggest that urban afforestation may be able to complement existing policies aimed at improving infant health.