高原生境不同水力停留时间下A2/O工艺活性污泥微生物代谢机制研究

在高原生境下构建不同水力停留时间(HRT)运行工况的A²/O系统,结合水质分析及对好氧池活性污泥的16S rRNA基因测序,对微生物优势菌属功能和代谢途径进行研究。结果表明:高原生境下HRT为26.25 h时A²/O工艺处理效果总体最好,微生物优势菌属代谢功能以有机物降解、反硝化脱氮和聚磷菌除磷为主,代谢途径以碳氮磷代谢为主;在高原生境下,应对外界环境变化的细菌双组分调节功能(ko02020)丰度较大,该代谢途径在适应环境变化中有显著作用,是高原生境下的优势代谢途径;微生物细胞中rpoE基因丰度偏大,为微生物适应高原环境提供了保障。HRT为26.25 h时微生物功能基因总丰度最大,可见26.25 h是高原生境下A²/O工艺最佳HRT运行工况。     

提高节理面c和Ψ对岩坡开挖变形的影响

为了反映岩质边坡在节理面注浆后的变形效应,首先,通过室内试验,分析注浆前后岩体变形和破坏的全过程,以探讨其抗剪性能(粘结力c和内摩擦角Ψ)的变化;然后,基于理想弹塑性本构模型的Mohr-Coulomb准则,运用拉格朗日元数值方法(FLAC3D),对岩坡注浆前后变形效应(水平位移、垂直位移、剪应变增量)进行模拟.结果表明:注浆加固后,岩体的位移场变得均匀和连续,节理面处的较大位移受到抑制,边坡的整体性得到提高,有利于边坡的稳定性.     

气浮+A/O工艺处理竹原纤维加工废水

采用气浮+A/O工艺处理高浓度、可生化性差的竹原纤维加工废水。运行结果表明,水质主要排放指标COD、SS、NH4+-N和色度的去除率分别达到92%、95.4%6、4.7%和90%,出水达园区纳管标准。该工艺处理效果稳定、管理方便、维护简单。     

双酚A对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价双酚A(BPA)对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪的急性毒性,将26期的蝌蚪暴露于浓度为2.4×10-5mol·L-1～4.2×10-5mol·L-1BPA的水体中进行急性毒性实验.结果表明,24、48、72、96h蝌蚪的死亡几率(y)与浓度对数(x)的回归方程分别为y=16.915x-4.1157、y=22.11x-6.1905、y=20.766x-5.3871、y=20.715x-5.351;半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为3.47×10-5、3.28×10-5、3.20×10-5、3.16×10-5mol·L-1.安全浓度(SC)为0.88×10-5mol·L-1.为探讨在安全浓度以下BPA对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的影响,将林蛙蝌蚪分别于10-5、10-6、10-7mol·L-1BPA的水体中连续暴露直至完全变态,并设10-8、10-9mol·L-1雌二醇(E2)的阳性对照和空白对照,分别测定并统计蝌蚪发育所需的发育时间、体长和体质量.结果表明,蝌蚪对10-5、10-6、10-7mol·L-1BPA与10-8、10-9mol·L-1E2的效应相似,可延缓林蛙幼体的发育时间,导致体长和体质量降低.推测低浓度BPA抑制蝌蚪生长发育的机制之一是干扰了正常的内分泌活动.     

Combining a generic process-based productivity model and a statistical classification method to predict the presence and absence of tree species in the Pacific Northwest,U.S.A.

Although long-lived tree species experience considerable environmental variation over their life spans, their geographical distributions reflect sensitivity mainly to mean monthly climatic conditions. We introduce an approach that incorporates a physiologically based growth model to illustrate how a half-dozen tree species differ in their responses to monthly variation in four climatic-related variables: water availability, deviations from an optimum temperature, atmospheric humidity deficits, and the frequency of frost. Rather than use climatic data directly to correlate with a species’ distribution, we assess the relative constraints of each of the four variables as they affect predicted monthly photosynthesis for Douglas-fir, the most widely distributed species in the region. We apply an automated regression-tree analysis to create a suite of rules, which differentially rank the relative importance of the four climatic modifiers for each species, and provide a basis for predicting a species’ presence or absence on 3737 uniformly distributed U.S. Forest Services’ Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) field survey plots. Results of this generalized rule-based approach were encouraging, with weighted accuracy, which combines the correct prediction of both presence and absence on FIA survey plots, averaging 87%. A wider sampling of climatic conditions throughout the full range of a species’ distribution should improve the basis for creating rules and the possibility of predicting future shifts in the geographic distribution of species.     

基于管理成熟度的大型水利水电工程环境绩效评价研究

借鉴项目管理成熟度模型的研究方法,构建了大型水利水电工程环境管理成熟度模型,对模型的组成、内容和评价方法进行了定义.结合大型水利水电工程施工过程中的生态环境影响因素分析,建立了大型水利水电工程的环境绩效评价体系,并采用数据包络分析(DEA)动态评估模型进行了环境管理成熟模型评价.案例研究表明,大型水利水电工程环境绩效评价结果能较好的反映出工程施工期间的环境管理成熟度水平,并能反映持续改进方面的环境贡献,研究成果对于改善我国大型水利水电工程建设对生态环境的影响及制定相关政策具有重要意义.     

MWNTs/TiO2/聚酯功能复合膜吸附及其净化性能

以聚酯工业滤布为基膜,采用溶胶凝胶和浸渍方法制备了具有吸附-光催化功能的多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)/TiO2涂层的复合膜,该复合膜对模拟水样低浓度(10mg/L)的双酚A具有较高吸附性能.随着复合膜上负载二氧化钛中的MWNTs的比例(17.6%,29.9%,和46.0%)增加,吸附去除率显著提高;吸附饱和的复合膜上的污染物双酚A可通过20W 紫外灯(l=254nm)照射Fenton氧化反应去除.吸附实验和HPLC分析表明,除了超声处理会引起浸渍负载的材料脱落外,复合膜吸附性能恢复较好.     

由贵金属取代的钙钛矿催化剂对碳烟的催化性能

用柠檬酸法制备了不同贵金属取代的钙钛矿LaCo0.96X0.04O3(X为Pt、Pd、Rh、Au、Ag)催化剂,用热重法测试了催化剂对碳烟的催化活性,采用程序升温还原法(H2-TPR)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、能量谱仪(EDS)和红外光谱(FTIR)对催化剂进行了测试.结果表明,催化剂LaCo0.96Ag0.04O3催化活性最高,起燃温度为449℃,远低于LaCoO3的504℃;各贵金属取代的钙钛矿LaCoO3的TPR还原峰变化各异;XRD特征峰的衍射角向高角度偏移,说明各贵金属进入了钙钛矿结构相;能谱图显示各贵金属进入钙钛矿相的量不同.     

The Potential for Species Conservation in Tropical Secondary Forests

Abstract: In the wake of widespread loss of old‐growth forests throughout the tropics, secondary forests will likely play a growing role in the conservation of forest biodiversity. We considered a complex hierarchy of factors that interact in space and time to determine the conservation potential of tropical secondary forests. Beyond the characteristics of local forest patches, spatial and temporal landscape dynamics influence the establishment, species composition, and persistence of secondary forests. Prospects for conservation of old‐growth species in secondary forests are maximized in regions where the ratio of secondary to old‐growth forest area is relatively low, older secondary forests have persisted, anthropogenic disturbance after abandonment is relatively low, seed‐dispersing fauna are present, and old‐growth forests are close to abandoned sites. The conservation value of a secondary forest is expected to increase over time, as species arriving from remaining old‐growth forest patches accumulate. Many studies are poorly replicated, which limits robust assessments of the number and abundance of old‐growth species present in secondary forests. Older secondary forests are not often studied and few long‐term studies are conducted in secondary forests. Available data indicate that both old‐growth and second‐growth forests are important to the persistence of forest species in tropical, human‐modified landscapes.     

Effects of ozone on chlorophyll and quantum yield of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties

Plants of Bel-W3 and of seven commercial tobacco varieties (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were exposed to two relatively low ozone concentrations (90 or 135 ppb) for 20 consecutive days, for 8 h per day. Ozone caused necrotic and chlorotic spots, acceleration of leaf senescence, depression of photosynthetic mechanism, chlorophyll diminution and greater destruction of chl a than of chl b. The higher sensitivity of chl a was also confirmed by exposure of segments of leaves in test tubes to high ozone concentration (>1000 ppb) as well as by bubbling of ozone in extracts of chlorophyll in vitro. The quantum yield (QY) of photosynthesis was positively correlated with the chlorophyll content and negatively correlated with the visible injury and the chl b/a ratio.