Ferrioxalate-mediated photodegradation and mineralization of 4-Chlorophenol

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Advanced oxidation processes are powerful methods which are capable of transforming refractory, nonbiodegradable and/or toxic organic compounds into harmless end products such as carbon dioxide and water. However, one commen problem of all advanced oxidation processes is the high demand of electrical energy for ultraviolet lamps, which causes high operational costs. Minimization of the required irradiation time, and therefore the energy consumption, by optimization of other reaction conditions such as catalyst-oxidant type and concentration, pH, temperature, pollutant/oxidant ratio etc., therefore continues to gain importance. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was the minimization of the required irradiation time through optimization of the use of a newly patented catalyst, ferrioxalate, and also to compare the performance of this catalyst with the performance of other AOPs. METHODS: Oxidation of 4-chlorophenol by photo-Fenton process using potassium ferrioxalate as a mediator was studied in a lab scale photoreactor. The influence of parameters such as hydrogen peroxide and ferrioxalate concentrations, initial pH, power-output, oxalate/iron ratio and different iron sources was evaluated. An upflow photoreactor equipped with a 1000 Watt high-pressure mercury vapour lamp and operating in a recirculation mode was used during photodegradation experiments. The extent of the reduction of 4-chlorophenol, Total Organic Carbon and Chemical Oxygen Demand was used to evaluate the photodegradation reaction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The optimum pH range observed was found to be 2.7-3. The efficiency of 4-chlorophenol oxidation increased with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and ferrioxalate, reaching a plateau after the addition of 10 and 0.072 mM of those reagents, respectively. Using an Oxalate/iron ratio of 12 was 18% less efficient than using a ratio of 3:1. The efficiency increased with increasing radiation power. However, this increase was not linear. The UV/ferrioxalate/H2O2 process, by which complete mineralization of 100 mg l(-1) 4-chlorophenol was achieved in 20 min of total reaction time, was the most efficient process among the alternatives applied. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ferrioxalate as the catalyst was found to be more efficient than the use of Fe(II) and Fe(III) iron species. It was possible to completely mineralize 4-chlorophenol. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The results of this study demonstrate that the ferrioxalate-mediated degradation of 4-chlorophenol requires less irradiation times than other advanced oxidation processes. There are mainly 19 phenol isomers and other toxic and nonbiodegradable organic compounds. We recommend that similar studies should be performed on many such compounds in order to attain a clear understanding of the performance of this catalyst. Because of its light sensitivity, this catalyst should be used immediately after its preparation. The use of low pressure mercury vapour lamps in this process should also be considered, since low power outputs may be enough for the process.     

单甲脒在土壤中的吸附

用批量平衡法研究了单四脒酸盐的活性部分－单甲脒在不同类型土壤中的吸附行为，获得了单甲脒的单位土壤有机质吸附常数（Ｋｏｍ）为２８４和吸附自由能变化量为１３．９９ｋＪ．ｍｏｌ＾－１的实验数值，研究表明，单甲脒在土壤中吸附符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ经验公式，其在土壤中的吸附系数Ｋｄ与土壤中有机质含量和阳离了交换容量均显著正相关。     

利用钙型斜发沸石处理氨氮废水

介绍了用钙型斜发沸石处理氨氮废水的方法，研究了钙型斜发沸石对氨氮废水的吸附性能、洗脱蒸氨曲线和斜发沸石在氢氧化钙溶液中的损失。实验结果表明：钙型斜发沸石对铵离子具有很高的选择性和离子交换能力。可长期在氢氧化钙溶液中使用。该方法具有投资低、高效、节能、操作稳定等特点。在处理废水的同时又可回收氨，可创造一定的经济效益。具有较好的应用价值。     

Sex pheromone components of male <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tirathaba mundella</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Summary. During peak calling activity by male oil palm bunch moths, Tirathaba mundella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), their hairpencils, wings or entire body were extracted in hexane. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of hair pencil extracts revealed four compounds that consistently elicited responses from female antennae. The NMR spectrum of isolated compound 1, and mass spectra and retention indices of compounds 1–4 suggested that they were (3S,6S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyl-tetrahydro-pyran-3-ol (1), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde (2, vanillin), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (3), and 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol (4). Comparative GC and GC-MS analyses of hair pencils extract and synthetic standards confirmed these structural assignments. Moreover, comparative chromatography of synthetic and hairpencil-isolated 1 on a Cyclodex-B column (which separated the four stereoisomers with baseline resolution) revealed that male T. mundella produce the SS-stereoisomer (SS-1). In field cage bioassay experiments in Palembang, Indonesia, synthetic SS-1 and vanillin in combination, but not singly, attracted female T. mundella. SS-1 plus vanillin were as effective as male T. mundella in attracting females. Compounds 3 and 4 did not enhance the blend's attractiveness. Received October 11 2002; accepted March 14, 2003. R1D=" Correspondence to: Gerhard Gries, email: gries@sfu.ca     

3种药物对扇形游仆虫Euplotes vannus(纤毛门,寡毛目)的急性毒性作用

通过海洋纤毛虫扇形游仆虫Euplotesvannus对水产养殖中常用药物高锰酸钾、福尔马林及鲁哥氏液的急性毒性实验 ,以几率单位法获得游仆虫对福尔马林及鲁哥氏液的 2h 12h的半致死浓度 (LC50 值 ) ,对前者的LC50 ,2h值为 85 .0 1× 10 -6,LC50 ,12h为 6 1.5 7× 10 -6;对于后者的LC50 ,2h为 90 .2 3× 10 -6,LC50 ,12h为 75 .36× 10 -6.在此基础上对 3种药物的作用效果及杀灭浓度进行了比较 ,结果表明 ,扇形游仆虫对福尔马林的耐受力明显小于鲁哥氏液 ,同时显示 ,高锰酸钾是在养殖动物耐受阈内可迅速杀灭纤毛虫的理想药物 .图 2表 5参 11     

曲霉sp.136的化学成分研究

从曲霉sp.136的固体发酵物中分离得到6个化合物.应用波谱分析及与已知品对照的手段将它们鉴定为烟曲霉酸(1)、(20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-表二氧-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、(2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2′R)-2′-羟基二十四烷酰氨基]-1,3,4-三羟基十八烷(4)、4-羟基苯乙酸(5)和烟碱酸(6).图1参5     

含硫及含氯化肥对湘南水田土壤酸度和养分有效性的影响

1990年5—11月,在湖南祁阳中国农科院红壤实验站水稻田布置田间试验,研究结果证实,在早稻和晚稻生长期间,与含氯化肥相比,施含硫化肥更能降低土壤pH而使土壤酸化,因而在南方水田施用含硫化肥时,必须和石灰及生理碱性肥相配合。同时,施含硫化肥能提高土壤有效性磷和钾的含量,增强土壤保肥与供肥能力。对大田水样中养分离子监测的结果表明,施含硫化肥减少钾离子的淋失;而施含氯化肥则减少硝态氮的淋溶,提高水田氮肥的利用率。     

轧辊辊型曲线的计算机辅助设计

用影响函数法确定普通四辊轧机辊系的弹性变形 ,用有限单元法确定工作辊的热凸度 ,在此基础上耦合求解轧辊原始辊型曲线 ,与现场使用的辊型曲线对比表明 :该法能较准确地快速确定轧辊的原始辊型     

天然水体环境温度对生物修复工艺

采用弹性填料微孔曝气生物修复方法净化受污染的某饮用水源,探讨了天然水体环境温度变化对生物除NH+4-N作用效果的影响.结果表明,水体环境温度对生物修复工艺除NH+4-N作用影响很大,水温越高,生物修复工艺除NH+4-N效果越好,在较低的水体环境温度下,水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH+4-N作用效果影响最大;在日常水体环境温度下,水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH+4-N作用效果影响最小;在水体环境温度较高条件下,水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH+4-N作用效果影响较小.     

天然水体环境温度对生物修复工艺除NH+4-N效果影响分析

采用弹性填料微孔曝气生物修复方法净化受污染的某饮用水源，探讨了天然水体环境温度变化对生物除NH4^ -N作用效果的影响。结果表明，水体环境温度对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用影响很大，水温越高，生物修复工艺除NH4^ -N效果越好，在较低的水体环境温度下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用效果影响最大；在日常水体环境温度下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ -N作用效果影响最小；在水体环境温度较高条件下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用效果影响较小。