Study of 4-t-octylphenol degradation and microbial community in granular sludge

In this study, the authors have investigated the effects of various factors on both aerobic and anaerobic degradation of 4-t-octylphenol （4-t-OP） in granular sludge. In comparison, the aerobic degradation rate was much higher than that of anaerobic degradation. The optimal pH values for 4-t-OP degradation in granular sludge were 9 and 7 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. And the degradation rate decreased with an increase in the initial 4-t-OP concentration. Addition of yeast extract or homologous compounds such as phenol also enhanced the 4-t-OP degradation, especially under the aerobic condition. To investigate the bacterial community in this study, the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） method was applied, based on the primers, for the 16S rDNA V3 region of bacteria, γ-proteobacteria and bacillus were identified as the major species of sludge.     

Synthesis of Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) in Simulated Microgravity: An Investigation of Aeration Profiles in Shake Flask and Bioreactor

The microbial strain Azotobacter vinelandii UWD was grown under conditions of simulated microgravity in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Bioreactor. Bacterial growth in simulated microgravity differed significantly from that observed in conventional shake flask experiments: Cells tended to grow in a cluster-like pattern and polymer production started immediately after exposing them to conditions of simulated microgravity, and no lag time was observed. It was imperative to differentiate between the effects derived from microgravity and those imposed by the altered oxygen supply in the bioreactor. Aeration conditions were studied in both reactor types and a gas supply profile was developed for the bioreactor. This supply profile allowed for similar amounts of dissolved oxygen in the bioreactor and the shake flask in the initial stage of the fermentation and, therefore, for an evaluation of the effects of microgravity on biopolyester-producing bacteria. Since the optical density that is conventionally used as a measure for the cell growth could not be used due to the cluster-like growth pattern of the cells, it was determined that bacterial growth behavior in the bioreactor can be monitored through glucose or oxygen consumption.     

串联补给式微生物燃料电池加速处理含铜废水

微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cells,MFC）可用于处理有机废水并同时处理污水中的重金属。为了对MFC处理含铜废水进行优化,采用了KMnO4-MFC与Cu-MFC串联,通过前者产生的较高电压对后者处理含铜废水过程提供电压和功率的补给并获得额外电能,结果表明,KMnO4-MFC在KMnO4浓度为0.5、1、2 g·L-1时输出最大功率密度分别为288、433、700 mW·m-2,而Cu-MFC在Cu2+浓度为10 mg·L-1时最大功率密度仅为218.75 mW·m-2,二者串联能够明显加快Cu-MFC对Cu2+的回收速率,串联时Cu2+的回收率可达98%,24 h回收率可达91.7%,与单独Cu-MFC相比速率提高1倍。串联后,该种方法在加速铜回收过程的同时还能获得额外的电能,其最高输出功率可达143 mW。     

长江流域主要污染物总量减排及水质响应的时空特征

从流域尺度评估污染物减排与水质响应成为我国水环境质量管理的重要内容,以长江流域为研究对象,分析了“十二五”期间长江10个子流域的主要污染物(化学需氧量和氨氮)减排效果及水质响应的时空差异。结果表明,环保投资大幅度增加促进了长江流域主要污染物的减排,然而不合理的环保投资结构导致流域水污染治理效率并不高。不同流域污染负荷差异显著,长江中下游负荷量约为源头区的4倍。不同污染物的水体质量浓度与流域负荷量之间的响应机制存在明显差异,其中,长江各流域水体氨氮质量浓度对流域的氨氮负荷量变化表现出积极的响应关系,相比之下,长江各流域水体高锰酸盐指数的年平均质量浓度变化趋势与流域化学需氧量负荷的变化并不一致。建议调整长江流域污染治理的环保投资结构,提高生活源污染的治理效率,同时在分析流域总量减排与水质响应不确定性基础上,优化和调整流域污染物管理方案.     

生物膜SBR反应器中低氨氮浓度废水亚硝化启动试验研究

为建立生物膜SBR反应器处理中低氨氮浓度废水的自养脱氮系统,采用控制DO浓度、HRT和不同生物载体填料的4组小试生物膜SBR反应器,对中低氨氮浓度废水进行了单级自养脱氮工艺亚硝化阶段的启动试验研究.结果表明:接种普通好氧活性污泥和厌氧污泥,在水温30℃±2℃,氨氮浓度60～120mg/L,DO为0.8～1.0mg/L和HRT=24h条件下,运行130d可实现稳定的亚硝化,YJZH软性组合填料更适合于微生物附着.     

CH4 emission and conversion from A2O and SBR processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater treatment systems are important anthropogenic sources of CH4emission. A full-scale experiment was carried out to monitor the CH4 emission from anoxic/anaerobic/oxic process(A2O) and sequencing batch reactor(SBR) wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) for one year from May 2011 to April 2012. The main emission unit of the A2O process was an oxic tank, accounting for 76.2% of CH4emissions; the main emission unit of the SBR process was the feeding and aeration phase, accounting for 99.5% of CH4emissions. CH4can be produced in the anaerobic condition, such as in the primary settling tank and anaerobic tank of the A2O process. While CH4can be consumed in anoxic denitrification or the aeration condition, such as in the anoxic tank and oxic tank of the A2O process and the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4emission flux and the dissolved CH4concentration rapidly decreased in the oxic tank of the A2O process. These metrics increased during the first half of the phase and then decreased during the latter half of the phase in the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4oxidation rate ranged from 32.47% to 89.52%(mean: 67.96%) in the A2O process and from 12.65% to 88.31%(mean: 47.62%) in the SBR process. The mean CH4 emission factors were 0.182 g/ton of wastewater and 24.75 g CH4 /(person·year) for the A2O process, and 0.457 g/ton of wastewater and 36.55 g CH4 /(person·year) for the SBR process.     

天然水体环境温度对生物修复工艺除NH+4-N效果影响分析

采用弹性填料微孔曝气生物修复方法净化受污染的某饮用水源，探讨了天然水体环境温度变化对生物除NH4^ -N作用效果的影响。结果表明，水体环境温度对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用影响很大，水温越高，生物修复工艺除NH4^ -N效果越好，在较低的水体环境温度下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用效果影响最大；在日常水体环境温度下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ -N作用效果影响最小；在水体环境温度较高条件下，水温变化对生物修复工艺除NH4^ －N作用效果影响较小。     

川中丘陵区稻田甲烷排放及其影响因素

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区冬水田和水旱轮作稻田进行全生长季CH4排放观测。结果表明,水旱轮作稻田和冬水田CH4排放的季节变化峰值都出现在水稻生长中期,且都有1个典型的排放峰。分析讨论了温度、水稻生物量、耕作制度以及水稻栽培方式等因素对稻田CH4排放的影响。发现川中丘陵水稻生长季节5cm深处地温与稻田CH4排放通量呈显著正相关;水稻植株生长对CH4排放有重要作用;水旱轮作稻田CH4排放通量比冬水田低54.1%～65.1%;冬水田水稻采用强化栽培方式既可提高产量又可减少CH4排放。     

杀菌剂叶青双在水中的降解特性研究

提出了一种检测水中叶青双及其降解物２－氨基－５－巯基－１,３,４－噻二唑的反相高效液相色谱分析法,进行了叶青双的水解、光解以及池塘水中自然降解的模拟试验。研究表明：叶青双在水中降解非常快,光解是其降解的主要方式,同时水解也对叶青双的降解有很大贡献。从叶青双的主要降解产物在水中的光解以及叶青双在自然池塘中模拟试验来看,叶青双的降解产物在水中也不稳定。由此得出叶青双在稻区正常使用情况下,不会对水环境及鱼类构成威胁的结论。     

密度效应对修复药剂在含水层迁移的影响——以KMnO4溶液为例的室内实验研究

利用典型的地下水修复药剂KMnO₄,通过一系列二维模拟槽实验,探究了密度效应作用下KMnO₄在模拟含水层的迁移分布规律,并分析了溶液浓度和介质粒径对密度效应的影响.结果表明,KMnO₄溶液在中砂和粗砂的模拟含水层中产生了明显的下沉现象,且迁移锋面的下沉程度会随着迁移进程不断加重,这导致KMnO₄的运移逐渐由推流向分层流转变,致使部分浅层模拟含水层无法接触KMnO₄;介质粒径越大、药剂浓度越高,密度效应造成的初期锋面下沉现象越明显,但后期下沉的变化幅度却和粒径与浓度成反比;对于锋面后的药剂迁移主体区域,KMnO₄会随着迁移时间延长逐渐分布均匀,并达到与原浓度基本一致的水平.