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841.
通过煅烧自制的TiO2纳米带(TiO2-NB)和多孔氮化碳(pg-C3N4)制备出新型的TiO2纳米带/多孔氮化碳(TiO2-NB/pg-C3N4)光催化剂,优化了其制备条件,并用于可见光条件下催化降解雌激素活性最强的17α-乙炔雌二醇(EE2).通过SEM、TEM、XRD、UV-vis DRS、PL、XPS和BET等手段对催化剂结构和表面物理化学性质进行表征和分析.结果表明,B型TiO2纳米带均匀负载至多孔氮化碳薄片上,形成TiO2-NB/pg-C3N4复合光催化剂.最优条件下制备的TiO2-NB/pg-C3N4降解EE2的速率常数(0.02537min-1)分别是TiO2-NB (0.00197min-1)和pg-C3N4(0.0077min-1)的12.88倍和3.29倍.自由基捕获实验结果显示超氧自由基(·O2-)是TiO2-NB/pg-C3N4可见光催化降解EE2的主要活性物种.HPLC-MS中间体检测结果显示,可能的降解中间体主要有4个,提出可能的降解途径,而且通过MCF-7雌激素活性测试法可知降解过程产物的雌激素活性基本消除. 相似文献
842.
采用溶胶-凝胶法和电化学沉积法制备了Ti/SnO2-Sb/Ce-PbO2电极,并对制备的电极表面形貌、晶体结构和电化学性能进行了分析,进一步探究了该电极对甲基橙和4-硝基苯酚的降解效果.结果表明,由Ce改性的Ti/SnO2-Sb/Ce-PbO2电极具有稳定的结构和更好的电化学活性,析氧电位可达1.56V.在电极间距为2cm,电流密度为30mA/cm2,目标污染物的浓度为100mg/L,电解质浓度为0.10mol/L时,作用120min后,Ti/SnO2-Sb/Ce-PbO2电极对甲基橙和4-硝基苯酚的降解率分别达到了99.59%和96.16%,180min后TOC的去除率分别达到了56.71%和54.87%,研究结果为该电极降解有机污染物提供了一定的技术支撑. 相似文献
843.
双酚S(BPS)是一种新兴的内分泌干扰物,在环境中广泛存在,并对自然环境和人体健康有严重危害。制备了FeS-Fe0纳米复合材料作为催化剂,明确了FeS-Fe0纳米复合材料活化PS体系(FeS-Fe0/PS体系)的反应条件对去除BPS的影响,包括材料中FeS与Fe0摩尔比、材料投加量、PS浓度、溶液初始pH值等,并应用X射线衍射分析、X射线光电子能谱分析等技术表征该复合材料,通过反应体系对比实验、Fe离子溶出实验、PS的消耗实验、猝灭实验、电子顺磁共振波谱检测,探究了FeS-Fe0纳米复合材料的活化机理。实验结果表明:FeS-Fe0/PS体系降解BPS的最优条件为溶液初始pH=3、FeS与Fe0摩尔比1∶25、材料投加量0.10 g/L、PS浓度1.0 mM;FeS-Fe0/PS体系中产生的硫酸根自由基(SO4·-)和羟基自由基(HO·)可降解BPS,且HO·占主导作用;FeS-Fe0纳米复合材料表面的FeS促进了铁离子的溶出和循环,因此其活化能力优于纳米零价铁。 相似文献
844.
Claudio S. Quilodrán Mathias Currat Juan I. Montoya‐Burgos 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):1139-1149
Human‐induced habitat changes may lead to the breakdown of reproductive barriers between distantly related species. This phenomenon may result in fertile first‐generation hybrids (F1) that exclude the genome of one parental species during gametogenesis, thus disabling introgression. The species extinction risk associated with hybridization with genome exclusion is largely underappreciated because the phenomenon produces only F1 hybrid phenotype, leading to the misconception that hybrids are sterile and potentially of minor conservation concern. We used a simulation model that integrates the main genetic, demographic, and ecological processes to examine the dynamics of hybridization with genome exclusion. We showed that this mode of hybridization may lead to extremely rapid extinction when the process of genome exclusion is unbalanced between the interbreeding species and when the hybridization rate is not negligible. The coexistence of parental species was possible in some cases of asymmetrical genome exclusion, but show this equilibrium was highly vulnerable to environmental variation. Expanding the exclusive habitat of the species at risk allowed its persistence. Our results highlight the extent of possible extinction risk due to hybridization with genome exclusion and suggest habitat management as a promising conservation strategy. In anticipation of serious threats to biodiversity due to hybridization with genome exclusion, we recommend a detailed assessment of the reproductive status of hybrids in conservation programs. We suggest such assessments include the inspection of genetic content in hybrid gametes. 相似文献
845.
Wrestling with the complexity of evaluation for organizations at the boundary of science,policy, and practice
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R. Pitt C. Wyborn G. Page J. Hutton M. Virah Sawmy M. Ryan L. Gallagher 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):998-1006
Boundary organizations are situated between science, policy, and practice and have a goal of supporting communication and collaboration among these sectors. They have been promoted as a way to improve the effectiveness of conservation efforts by building stronger relationships between scientists, policy makers, industry, and practitioners (Cook et al. 2013). Although their promise has been discussed in theory, the work of and expectations for boundary organizations are less defined in practice. Biodiversity conservation is characterized by complexity, uncertainty, dissent, and tight budgets, so boundary organizations face the challenging task of demonstrating their value to diverse stakeholders. We examined the challenges boundary organizations face when seeking to evaluate their work and thus aimed to encourage more productive conversations about evaluation of boundary organizations and their projects. Although no off‐the‐shelf solution is available for a given boundary organization, we identified 4 principles that will support effective evaluation for boundary organizations: engage diverse stakeholders, support learning and reflection, assess contribution to change, and align evaluation with assumption and values. 相似文献
846.
Managing conflicts between economic activities and threatened migratory marine species toward creating a multiobjective blue economy
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Linda R. Harris Ronel Nel Herman Oosthuizen Mike Meÿer Deon Kotze Darrell Anders Steven McCue Santosh Bachoo 《Conservation biology》2018,32(2):411-423
Harnessing the economic potential of the oceans is key to combating poverty, enhancing food security, and strengthening economies. But the concomitant risk of intensified resource extraction to migratory species is worrying given these species contribute to important ecological processes, often underpin alternative livelihoods, and are mostly already threatened. We thus sought to quantify the potential conflict between key economic activities (5 fisheries and hydrocarbon exploitation) and sea turtle migration corridors in a region with rapid economic development: southern and eastern Africa. We satellite tracked the movement of 20 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 14 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles during their postnesting migrations. We used movement‐based kernel density estimation to identify migration corridors for each species. We overlaid these corridors on maps of the distribution and intensity of economic activities, quantified the extent of overlap and threat posed by each activity on each species, and compared the effects of activities. These results were compared with annual bycatch rates in the respective fisheries. Both species’ 3 corridors overlapped most with longline fishing, but the effect was worse for leatherbacks: their bycatch rates of approximately 1500/year were substantial relative to the regional population size of <100 nesting females/annum. This bycatch rate is likely slowing population growth. Artisanal fisheries may be of greater concern for loggerheads than for leatherbacks, but the population appears to be withstanding the high bycatch rates because it is increasing exponentially. The hydrocarbon industry currently has a moderately low impact on both species, but mining in key areas (e.g., Southern Mozambique) may undermine >50 years of conservation, potentially affecting >80% of loggerheads, 33% of the (critically endangered) leatherbacks, and their nesting beaches. We support establishing blue economies (i.e., generating wealth from the ocean), but oceans need to be carefully zoned and responsibly managed in both space and time to achieve economic (resource extraction), ecological (conservation, maintenance of processes), and social (maintenance of alternative livelihood opportunities, alleviate poverty) objectives. 相似文献
847.
Allison S. Catalano Kent Redford Richard Margoluis Andrew T. Knight 《Conservation biology》2018,32(3):584-596
Failure carries undeniable stigma and is difficult to confront for individuals, teams, and organizations. Disciplines such as commercial and military aviation, medicine, and business have long histories of grappling with it, beginning with the recognition that failure is inevitable in every human endeavor. Although conservation may arguably be more complex, conservation professionals can draw on the research and experience of these other disciplines to institutionalize activities and attitudes that foster learning from failure, whether they are minor setbacks or major disasters. Understanding the role of individual cognitive biases, team psychological safety, and organizational willingness to support critical self‐examination all contribute to creating a cultural shift in conservation to one that is open to the learning opportunity that failure provides. This new approach to managing failure is a necessary next step in the evolution of conservation effectiveness. 相似文献
848.
Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests
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Tamara Ticktin Shimona Quazi Rachel Dacks Mesulame Tora Ashley McGuigan Zoe Hastings Alivereti Naikatini 《Conservation biology》2018,32(5):1085-1095
Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social–ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social‐ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one‐third were endemic. Fifty‐eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best‐fit structural equation model (R2 = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience—local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity—had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash‐crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region. 相似文献
849.
John A. Kronenberger Jill C. Gerberich Sarah W. Fitzpatrick E. Dale Broder Lisa M. Angeloni W. Chris Funk 《Conservation biology》2018,32(4):838-848
Human land use is fragmenting habitats worldwide and inhibiting dispersal among previously connected populations of organisms, often leading to inbreeding depression and reduced evolutionary potential in the face of rapid environmental change. To combat this augmentation of isolated populations with immigrants is sometimes used to facilitate demographic and genetic rescue. Augmentation with immigrants that are genetically and adaptively similar to the target population effectively increases population fitness, but if immigrants are very genetically or adaptively divergent, augmentation can lead to outbreeding depression. Despite well‐cited guidelines for the best practice selection of immigrant sources, often only highly divergent populations remain, and experimental tests of these riskier augmentation scenarios are essentially nonexistent. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to test the multigenerational demographic and genetic effects of augmenting 2 target populations with 3 types of divergent immigrants. We found no evidence of demographic rescue, but we did observe genetic rescue in one population. Divergent immigrant treatments tended to maintain greater genetic diversity, abundance, and hybrid fitness than controls that received immigrants from the source used to seed the mesocosms. In the second population, divergent immigrants had a slightly negative effect in one treatment, and the benefits of augmentation were less apparent overall, likely because this population started with higher genetic diversity and a lower reproductive rate that limited genetic admixture. Our results add to a growing consensus that gene flow can increase population fitness even when immigrants are more highly divergent and may help reduce uncertainty about the use of augmentation in conservation. 相似文献
850.
The monetary valuation of ecosystem services is gaining traction in policy and business communities. Several tools and decision‐making processes have been proposed, including criteria to assess the appropriateness of using monetary valuation for biodiversity conservation outcomes. These criteria include measures such as scale, uniqueness, and threat. We used case studies of monetization projects for which the outcomes were measured to explore the limitations and application of these criteria. There was limited evidence of the effectiveness of such schemes. The majority of the schemes were established in areas where the criteria specifically excluded their use in isolation. Thus, although some aspects of monetization may be beneficial for biodiversity conservation, these schemes were not being used appropriately and require some quantitative minimum (or maximum) measurements to be applied through additional policy or governance measures to ensure biodiversity conservation outcomes. 相似文献