厌氧消化过程稳定性与微生物群落的相关性

为探析厌氧消化过程稳定性与微生物群落的相关性,在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化反应器中引入负荷扰动以诱导不同的运行状态,理化分析和高通量测序相结合用于研究各个状态下的状态参数响应及微生物群落动态.结果表明,均衡的群落结构保证了反应器的稳定运行,稳定状态下反应器的甲烷产率和挥发性固体（VS）去除率分别高达（0.50±0.01）LCH₄/gVS和（89.58±0.08）%.高负荷下产酸细菌（柔膜菌门、放线菌门）大量增殖,诱导互养脂肪酸降解菌（梭菌纲）的相对丰度剧增,然而与之互营的氢型产甲烷菌的丰度和活性却下降了.产甲烷菌与互养脂肪酸降解菌的失衡导致它们不能有效的互养合作,从而引起挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）积累和过程失稳.积累的VFA和氨使比乙酸产甲烷活性（SAMA）和比产甲烷活性（SMA）分别下降60.12%和72.51%,进一步加剧了过程失稳.扰动停止后,尽管反应器恢复了原有运行条件和性能,但微生物群落达到了新的平衡.     

Direct evidence of microbiological water quality changes on bacterial quantity and community caused by plumbing system

Drinking water quality deteriorates from treatment plant to customer taps, especially in the plumbing system. There is no direct evidence about what the differences are contributed by plumbing system. This study compared the water quality in the water main and at customer tap by preparing a sampling tap on the water main. The biomass was quantified by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the microbial community was profiled by 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that in distribution pipes, biofilm contributed >94% of the total biomass, while loose deposits showed little contribution (< 2%) because of the low amount of loose deposits. The distribution of biological stable water had minor effects on the microbiocidal water quality regarding both quantity (ATP 1 ng/L vs. 1.7 ng/L) and community of the bacteria. Whereas the plumbing system has significant contribution to the increase of active biomass (1.7 ng/L vs. 2.9 ng/L) and the changes of bacterial community. The relative abundance of Sphingomonas spp. at tap (22%) was higher than that at water main (2%), while the relative abundance of Pseudomonas spp. in tap water (15%) was lower than that in the water from street water main (29%). Though only one location was prepared and studied, the present study showed that the protocol of making sampling tap on water main offered directly evidences about the impacts of plumbing system on tap water quality, which makes it possible to distinguish and study the processes in distribution system and plumbing system separately.     

Molecular analysis of long-term biofilm formation on PVC and cast iron surfaces in drinking water distribution system

To understand the impacts of different plumbing materials on long-term biofilm formation in water supply system, we analyzed microbial community compositions in the bulk water and biofilms on faucets with two different materials-polyvinyl chloride （PVC） and cast iron, which have been frequently used for more thanlO years. Pyrosequencing was employed to describe both bacterial and eukaryotic microbial compositions. Bacterial communities in the bulk water and biofilm samples were significantly different from each other. Specific bacterial populations colonized on the surface of different materials. Hyphomicrobia and corrosion associated bacteria, such as Acidithiobacillus spp., Aquabacterium spp., Limnobacter thiooxidans, and Thiocapsa spp., were the most dominant bacteria identified in the PVC and cast iron biofilms, respectively, suggesting that bacterial colonization on the material surfaces was selective. Mycobacteria and Legionella spp. were common potential pathogenic bacteria occurred in the biofilm samples, but their abundance was different in the two biofilm bacterial communities. In contrast, the biofilm samples showed more similar eukaryotic communities than the bulk water. Notably, potential pathogenic fungi, i.e., Aspergillus spp. and Candida parapsilosis, occurred in similar abundance in both biofilms. These results indicated that microbial community, especially bacterial composition was remarkably affected by the different pipe materials （PVC and cast iron）.     

黄土高原不同植被类型下土壤细菌群落特征研究

研究黄土高原不同植被类型对土壤细菌微生物多样性的影响,对发挥土壤潜在肥力、了解土壤健康状况,实现植被的管理与可持续利用有着重要的意义.本文选取黄土高原4种草原植被与4种乔木林植被的表层土壤(0~5 cm)为研究对象,利用第二代高通量测序技术454 Hi Seq对其进行16S r DNA V1~V3可变区的高通量测序,分析土壤细菌的Alpha多样性、物种组成和丰度,并研究土壤性质对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,所测土壤样品中共检测到细菌的36个门,84个纲,187个目,优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌(Chloroflexi)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),主要的优势菌纲为放线杆菌纲(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)、浮霉菌纲(Planctomycetacia).草原植被土壤分布更多的是Actinobacteria,森林植被土壤分布更多的是Proteobacteria.Proteobacteria与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷呈显著的相关性,其相对丰富度主要受土壤碳氮磷含量的限制.Actinobacteria的生长主要受土壤pH、水分和土壤有机质的影响.通过RDA分析发现,影响黄土高原土壤细菌分布的主要土壤因子是土壤水分,这些结果丰富了黄土高原土壤微生物多样性的理论知识,而且可为黄土高原植被恢复模式的选择提供理论依据.     

焦化废水活性污泥细菌菌群结构分析

焦化废水是一种高毒难降解的有机废水,以细菌菌群为主的好氧活性污泥决定焦化废水的处理效率,处理焦化废水的活性污泥细菌群落结构鲜见报道.利用454测序技术分析实际焦化废水污泥中的细菌菌群结构和多样性.结果表明,热图聚类分析和主成分分析说明不同焦化废水活性污泥细菌菌群多样性存在差异;焦化废水活性污泥中的细菌门类群主要为Proteobacteria、Planctomycetes、Acidobacteria、Candidatus Saccharibacteria、Bacteroidetes、Cyanobacteria、Actinobacteria、Chloroflexi、Firmicutes、Thaumarchaeota、Ignavibacteriae和Verrucomicrobia,其中Proteobacteria门占主导地位,丰度为36.00%~76.98%;主要属为Thiobacillus、Thauera、Comamonas、Caldimonas、Steroidobacter、Nitrosomonas、Phycisphaera和Gp4,大多数主要属与芳香烃的降解和硝化反硝化过程有关.这些结果为焦化废水污染物的去除机制提供了理论基础.     

Practical survey on antibiotic-resistant bacterial communities in livestock manure and manure-amended soil

Through livestock manure fertilization, antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes are transferred to agricultural soils, resulting in a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the soil. It is not clear, however, whether a correlation exists between resistant bacterial populations in manure and manure-amended soil. In this work, we demonstrate that the prevalence of cephalexin-, amoxicillin-, kanamycin- and gentamicin-resistant bacteria as well as bacteria simultaneously resistant to all four antibiotics was much higher in manure-amended soils than in manure-free soil. 454-pyrosequencing indicated that the ARB and multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria (MARB) in swine or chicken manure and manure-amended soil were mainly distributed among Sphingobacterium, Myroides, Enterococcus, Comamonas and unclassified Flavobacteriaceae. The genus Sphingobacterium was highly prevalent among ARB from swine manure and manure-amended soil, and was also the most dominant genus among MARB from chicken manure and manure-amended soil. Other dominant genera among ARB or MARB populations in manure samples, including Myroides, Enterococcus and Comamonas, could not be detected or were detected at very low relative abundance in manure-amended soil. The present study suggests the possibility of transfer of ARBs from livestock manures to soils and persistence of ARB in these environments.     

Characterization of bacterial community dynamics in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant

Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial communities in drinking water systems is vital to securing the microbial safety of drinking water. The objective of this study was to comprehensively characterize the dynamics of microbial biomass and bacterial communities at each step of a full-scale drinking water treatment plant in Beijing, China. Both bulk water and biofilm samples on granular activated carbon (GAC) were collected over 9 months. The proportion of cultivable cells decreased during the treatment processes, and this proportion was higher in warm season than cool season, suggesting that treatment processes and water temperature probably had considerable impact on the R2A cultivability of total bacteria. 16s rRNA gene based 454 pyrosequencing analysis of the bacterial community revealed that Proteobacteria predominated in all samples. The GAC biofilm harbored a distinct population with a much higher relative abundance of Acidobacteria than water samples. Principle coordinate analysis and one-way analysis of similarity indicated that the dynamics of the microbial communities in bulk water and biofilm samples were better explained by the treatment processes rather than by sampling time, and distinctive changes of the microbial communities in water occurred after GAC filtration. Furthermore, 20 distinct OTUs contributing most to the dissimilarity among samples of different sampling locations and 6 persistent OTUs present in the entire treatment process flow were identified. Overall, our findings demonstrate the significant effects that treatment processes have on the microbial biomass and community fluctuation and provide implications for further targeted investigation on particular bacteria populations.     

A/O生物膜法强化处理石化废水及生物膜种群结构研究

采用A/O生物膜反应器处理石化综合废水.反应器在O段添加装有改性聚氨酯泡沫的多孔塑料球载体,强化有机物的降解效率.反应器进水分别为水解酸化池出水(阶段I),石化工业废水与生活污水比例为3:1(阶段II)以及单纯的石化工业废水(阶段III). 结果表明,尽管进水COD和氨氮波动较大,但出水COD和氨氮的去除率保持稳定,说明生物膜反应器具有较好的抗冲击负荷能力.在HRT为30h, COD和氨氮的去除率为74%~77%和96%~93%,总氮和总磷的去除率为58%和79%.第II阶段进水为工业废水和生活污水混合的处理效果最好,出水COD和氨氮浓度分别为(63±12)mg/L和(0.75±0.28)mg/L.出水总氮主要为硝酸氮,亚硝酸氮的浓度很低(小于0.1mg/L),表明硝化作用进行得较为完全.进水中有机物的分子量主要分布在小于1kDa(70.9%)和大于100kDa(10.4%).出水中大于10kDa的有机物所占比例减小,分子量主要分布在小于1kDa(56.6%)和1~5kDa(26.2%),表明A/O生物膜反应器对大分子有机物的降解较好.454高通量测序结果表明: 生物膜中变形菌门菌群所占比例最大(60.0%),其次是浮霉菌门(16.9%)和拟杆菌门(9.8%).在属的水平检测到氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB) Nitrospiraceae Nitrospira以及反硝化菌Azospira和Thermomonas.NOB的比例较高,这与反应器较好的硝化作用相一致.