Bioavailability and dissipation of fluridone under controlled conditions

Abstract

Bioavailability of fluridone, l‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐5‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]‐4(1H)‐pyridinone, as affected by soil temperature, soil moisture regime, and duration of incubation was investigated in three soil types by grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench cv. Abu Sabien) chlorophyll bioassay. Initial loss of fluridone was rapid and dissipation followed first‐order kinetics under most of the incubation treatments investigated. Soil moisture, in general, had a greater impact than soil temperature on dissipation of fluridone. The herbicide dissipated faster at the fluctuating room temperature (18–24°C) than at the constant 10°C in Sonning sandy clay loam (O.M. = 1.2%) and Erl Wood sandy loam (O.M. = 2.5%) but not in Shropshire loamy peat (O.M. = 33%). In the two mineral soils, bioassay‐detectable residues from an initial rate of 1.00 μg/g were least (0.00 ‐ 0.10 μg/g) at 1/2 field capacity (FC) and greatest (0.16 ‐ 0.37 μg/g) at 1/4 FC, 400 days after treatment. At 10°C, the DT₅₀ values (days) at 1/4 FC and 1/2 FC were, respectively, 147 ± 16 and 69 ± 6 for Erl Wood soil, and 257 ± 28 and 51 ± 12 for Sonning soil. In Shropshire soil, concentrations of bioavailable fluridone were least at each bioassay date when soil moisture was maintained at FC, at both temperatures of incubation. At 10°C, herbicide concentrations in the organic soil from an initial rate of 10.00 μg/g were 0.95 and 4.69 μg/g, respectively, at FC and 1/4 FC.     

Dissipation and sorption of six commonly used pesticides in two contrasting soils of New Zealand

We investigated dissipation and sorption of atrazine, terbuthylazine, bromacil, diazinon, hexazinone and procymidone in two contrasting New Zealand soils (0–10 cm and 40–50 cm) under controlled laboratory conditions. The six pesticides showed marked differences in their degradation rates in both top- and subsoils, and the estimated DT₅₀ values for the compounds were: 19–120 (atrazine), 10–36 (terbuthylazine), 12–46 (bromacil), 7–25 (diazinon), 8–92 (hexazinone) and 13–60 days for procymidone. Diazinon had the lowest range for DT₅₀ values, while bromacil and hexazinone gave the highest DT₅₀ values under any given condition on any soil type. Batch derived effective distribution coefficient (K _d ^eff) values for the pesticides varied markedly with bromacil and hexazinone exhibiting low sorption affinity for the soils at either depth, while diazinon gave high sorption values. Comparison of pesticide degradation in sterile and non-sterile soils suggests that microbial degradation was the major dissipation pathway for all six compounds, although little influence of abiotic degradation was noticeable for diazinon and procymidone.     

Persistence and Dissipation Kinetics of Spiromesifen in Chili and Cotton

In a field study carried out at three different locations, the dissipation of spiromesifen on cotton and chili was studied and its DT₅₀, and DT₉₉ were estimated at each location. Spiromesifen was sprayed on chili at 96 and 192 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and cotton at 120 and 240 g a.i. ha⁻¹. Samples of chili fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 21, 30 days after treatment and that of cotton seed and lint at first picking and harvest. Soil samples were drawn 30 days after treatment from 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm layer. Quantification of residues was done on GC–MS in Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode in mass range 271–274 m/z. The LOQ of this method was found 0.033 μg g⁻¹, LOD being 0.01 μg g⁻¹. The DT₅₀ of spiromesifen when applied at recommended doses in chili fruits was found to be 2.18–2.40 days. Ninety-nine percent degradation was found to occur within 14.5–16.3 days after application. Residues of spiromesifen were not detected in cotton seed and lint samples at the first picking. In soil, no residues of spiromesifen were detectable 15 days after treatment.     

Cu对我国17种典型土壤硝化速率的影响

硝化作用是对土壤重金属生物毒性最敏感的微生物过程之一.采用室内模拟的方法,研究了Cu对我国17种典型土壤潜在硝化速率(PNR)的影响.结果表明:随着添加Cu浓度的升高,17种土壤的PNR均呈阶梯状降低,Cu可显著抑制土壤硝化作用;17种土壤EC50值(使PNR降低至对照一半所需Cu浓度)在73.4~2164.4mg·kg-1之间;土壤EC50分别与土壤pH、Mg和Ca含量呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05,p<0.01);PNR(0原始土样的硝化速率)与土壤粘度(<2μm)、Al含量呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),与pH呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01);EC50、PNR0与阳离子交换量、土壤Cu背景值相关性不大.     

国内典型城市降雨径流初期累积特征分析

提出以携带50%污染物负荷的径流定义初期雨水,选取累积50%污染物负荷的历时(T50)及对应累积径流深度(D50)两个参数,总结分析典型山地城市、平原城市、河网城市等6个城市17场降雨径流污染物累积特征.进一步以山地城市和平原城市为例,探讨了不同降雨强度、区域环境径流污染物累积特征及相互影响.结果表明,径流污染物累积趋势完全一致但特征不同,山地城市、河网城市、高原城市和河口城市表现为初期累积,平原城市则表现为中期累积.随着雨强增大,污染物D50骤增,T50锐减.相比平原城市,山地城市不同类型污染物D50更大、T50更小,山地城市和平原城市分别截留初期7.4mm和5.2mm径流可以控制50%污染物负荷.     

疏浚物对栉孔扇贝急性致死量的实验研究

本文探讨实验室室条件下疏浚物对栉孔扇贝９６ｈ半致死浓度以及试验条件的筛选，实验结果表明，疏浚物粒径小于６３μｍ，海水中悬浮物浓度为１０％，水温（２０±１）℃，ｐＨ８．０－８．３，盐度２９－３０，充氧条件下，栉孔扇贝９６ｈ内的死亡率为６３％。     

杀虫剂单甲脒对绿藻的毒性研究

研究了杀虫剂单甲脒对斜生栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ）和蛋白核小球藻（Ｃｈｌｏｒｅｌｌａｐｙｒｅｎｏｉ－ｄｏｓａ）的短期和长期毒性。用细胞密度计算出的４８ｈＥＣ＿（５０）分别为１．４２和１．４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，９６ｈＥＣ＿（５０）分别为１．６７和１．６２ｍｇ／Ｌ长期毒性试验结果表明，经试验初期的抑制后，杀虫剂单甲脒能促进藻类繁衍。     

四种典型大气环境下7B50铝合金的腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究湿热海洋、干热沙漠、寒冷乡村、暖温高原四种典型大气环境对7B50铝合金腐蚀行为的影响.方法 采用户外大气自然环境暴露试验,通过宏观腐蚀形貌分析、金相显微形貌分析、腐蚀深度分析和拉伸性能分析,对比研究7B50-T7751和7B50-T77511两种铝合金在不同大气环境中的腐蚀行为和规律.结果 暴露试验周期为3 a时,7B50-T7751铝合金在湿热海洋大气环境中腐蚀严重,局部最大腐蚀深度为166μm,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别下降了5％和25％;在干热沙漠大气环境下腐蚀较重,局部最大腐蚀深度为44μm;在寒冷乡村、暖温高原大气环境下未见明显腐蚀.7B50-T77511铝合金在四种典型大气环境下均表现出明显腐蚀,局部最大腐蚀深度分别为141、80、42、29μm.结论 两种7B50铝合金在典型大气环境中表现出不同的耐蚀性,在微观上均表现为点蚀和晶间腐蚀的混合腐蚀,具有明显的晶间腐蚀和剥蚀倾向.两种铝合金暴露在相同大气环境中时,7B50-T7751板材耐蚀性较7B50-T77511型材略好.     

Effect of pyrene on denitrification activity and abundance and composition of denitrifying community in an agricultural soil

Toxicity of pyrene on the denitrifiers was studied by spiking an agricultural soil with pyrene to a series of concentrations (0-500 mg kg⁻¹) followed by dose-response and dynamic incubation experiments. Results showed a positive correlation between potential denitrification activity and copy numbers of denitrifying functional genes (nirK, nirS and nosZ), and were both negatively correlated with pyrene concentrations. Based on the comparison of EC₅₀ values, denitrifiers harboring nirK, nirS or nosZ gene were more sensitive than denitrification activity, and denitrifiers harboring nirS gene were more sensitive than that harboring nirK or nosZ genes. Seven days after spiking with EC₅₀ concentration of pyrene, denitrifiers diversity decreased and community composition changed in comparison with the control. Phylogenetic analyses of three genes showed that the addition of pyrene increased the proportion of Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhodospirillales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales. Some species belonging to these groups were reported to be able to degrade PAHs.     

有机污染物对藻类毒性的测定

藻类是研究水生毒理学的很好的材料之一，对其毒性是评价化合物危害的基本数据，也是研究化合物结构与生物效应的手段之一，通过测定工业废水，数种硝基芳烃及多种有机锡对藻类的毒性，发现剂量与效应时间有很好的相关性，化合物结构与效应之间也有一定的规律。